Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 7, 2019; 25(5): 600-607
Published online Feb 7, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i5.600
Table 1 Factors associated with low zinc levels in patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 150)
Total, nZinc
Univariable analysis
≥ 11 µmol/L, n< 11 µmol/L, n (%)OR (95%CI)P value
All patients15011139 (26.0)
Age
0-3943385 (11.6)1.00
40-4918135 (27.8)2.92 (0.73-11.7)0.13
50-5934277 (20.6)1.97 (0.57-6.87)0.29
60-6924168 (33.3)3.80 (1.08-13.4)0.04
70+311714 (45.2)6.26 (1.94-20.2)0.002
Gender
Female866422 (25.6)1.00
Male644717 (26.6)0.95 (0.46-1.99)0.89
Body mass index
Underweight1293 (25.0)0.74 (0.18-2.96)0.67
Normal weight775324 (31.2)1.00
Overweight38308 (21.1)0.59 (0.24-1.47)0.26
Obese20164 (20.0)0.55 (0.17-1.83)0.33
Etiology
Alcohol402713 (32.5)1.00
Autoimmune453213 (28.9)0.84 (0.34-2.13)0.72
Efferent duct factors1183 (27.3)0.78 (0.18-3.43)0.74
Smoking15117 (38.9)1.32 (0.42-4.20)0.64
Hereditary18141 (6.7)0.15 (0.02-1.25)0.08
Idiopathic21192 (9.5)0.22 (0.04-1.08)0.06
Diabetes
No1088226 (24.1)1.00
Yes422913 (31.0)1.41 (0.64-3.11)0.39
Diabetes treatment
No diabetes1088226 (24.1)1.00
Diet330 (0.0)-0.99
Per oral752 (28.6)1.26 (0.23-6.89)0.79
Insulin322111 (34.4)1.65 (0.70-3.88)0.25
HbA1c
Normal972 (22.2)1.00
Elevated30219 (30.0)1.50 (0.23-6.02)0.65
Bone mineral density
Normal413011 (26.8)1.00
Osteopenia14104 (28.6)1.09 (0.28-4.21)0.90
Osteoporosis523 (60.0)4.09 (0.60-27.8)0.15
Smoking
Never766214 (18.4)1.00
Former25196 (24.0)1.40 (0.47-4.14)0.54
Current482919 (39.6)2.90 (1.28-6.58)0.01
Smoking pack-years
Never766214 (18.4)1.00
1-19 pack-years21165 (23.8)1.38 (0.43-4.41)0.58
≥ 20 pack-years513120 (39.2)2.86 (1.27-6.41)0.01
Alcohol
No1058124 (22.9)1.00
< 30g1385 (38.5)2.11 (0.63-7.05)0.23
≥ 30g312110 (32.3)1.61 (0.67-3.88)0.29
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
No604614 (23.3)1.00
Mild/moderate14113 (21.4)0.90 (0.22-3.67)0.88
Severe664521 (31.8)1.53 (0.70-3.38)0.29
Table 2 Multivariable analysis of risk factors for low zinc levels in chronic pancreatitis (n = 150)
Multivariable analysis
OR (95%CI)P value
Age
0-391.00
40-492.82 (0.68-11.7)0.15
50-591.30 (0.34-4.91)0.70
60-692.64 (0.69-10.1)0.16
70+6.30 (1.87-21.3)0.003
Smoking
Never1.00
Former0.99 (031-3.17)0.98
Current3.14 (1.23-8.02)0.02