Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 14, 2019; 25(22): 2788-2798
Published online Jun 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2788
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Variable, n (%)IBD groupControl groupP valueCD groupControl groupP valueUC groupControl groupP value
Number3769611308812349370472534776041
Men22985 (61.0)68955 (61.0)18679 (70.3)26037 (70.3)114306 (56.4)42918 (56.4)1
Age (mean ± SD, yr)39.4 ± 16.439.42 ± 16.4130.4 ± 14.230.36 ± 14.23143.8 ± 15.643.8 ± 15.61
< 3012184 (32.3)36552 (32.3)17080 (57.3)21240 (57.3)15104 (20.1)15312 (20.1)1
30-4411459 (30.4)34377 (30.4)3354 (27.2)10062 (27.2)8105 (32.0)24315 (32.0)
45-599158 (24.3)27474 (24.3)1292 (10.5)3876 (10.5)7866 (31.0)23598 (31.0)
≥ 604895 (13.0)14685 (13.0)623 (5.0)1869 (5.0)4272 (16.9)12816 (16.9)
Urban residence19006 (50.4)52913 (46.8)< 0.0016317 (51.2)17416 (47.0)< 0.00112689 (50.1)35497 (46.7)< 0.001
Low income7444 (19.8)26338 (23.3)< 0.0012609 (21.1)8535 (23.0)< 0.0014835 (19.1)17803 (23.4)< 0.001
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus1483 (3.9)5306 (4.7)< 0.001260 (2.1)782 (2.1)0.971223 (4.8)4524 (6.0)< 0.001
Hypertension4098 (10.9)13732 (12.1)< 0.001595 (4.8)2097 (5.7)0.0003503 (13.8)11635 (15.3)< 0.001
Dyslipidemia2527 (6.7)7929 (7.0)0.042361 (2.9)1250 (3.4)0.0152166 (8.6)6679 (8.8)0.245
IHD1557 (4.1)3559 (3.2)< 0.001348 (2.8)552 (1.5)< 0.0011209 (4.8)3007 (4.0)< 0.001
Thromboembolism115 (0.3)236 (0.2)< 0.00137 (0.3)34 (0.1)< 0.00178 (0.3)202 (0.3)0.269
ESRD107 (0.3)180 (0.2)< 0.00148 (0.4)40 (0.1)< 0.00159 (0.2)140 (0.2)0.130
Hyperthyroidism750 (2.0)1248 (1.1)< 0.001224 (1.8)264 (0.7)< 0.001526 (2.1)984 (1.3)< 0.001
Medications
Immunomodulators10199 (27.1)0< 0.0016895 (55.8)0< 0.0013304 (13.0)0< 0.001
Steroids21606 (57.3)0< 0.0017241 (58.6)0< 0.00114365 (56.7)0< 0.001
Biological agents2075 (5.5)0< 0.0011641 (13.3)0< 0.001434 (1.7)0< 0.001
Follow-up duration (yr)4.9 ± 1.34.9 ± 1.34.9 ± 1.34.8 ± 1.34.9 ± 1.34.9 ± 1.3
Values have been expressed as mean ± SD or number of patients (%) as relevant. Follow-up duration is expressed in years. CD: Crohn’s disease; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; SD: Standard deviation; UC: Ulcerative colitis.
Table 2 Risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
IBD group
Control group
CD group
Control group
UC group
Control group
n = 37696n = 113088n = 12349n = 37047n = 25347n = 76041
New-onset AF34877295145253627
Incidence rate11.901.401.590.802.051.69
Adjusted HR21.361 (reference)1.911 (reference)1.241 (reference)
95%CI1.20–1.551.47-2.491.07-1.43
1Incidence rates have been calculated per 1000 patient-years within a population aged > 20 years who had not previously been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation;
2Adjusted with respect to age, sex, place, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, previous history of stroke, ischemic heart disease, venous thromboembolism, and end-stage renal disease. AF: Atrial fibrillation; CI: Confidence interval; CD: Crohn’s disease; HR: Hazard ratio; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.
Table 3 Risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease according to medication
OutcomeImmunomodulatorsSystemic steroidBiologic agents
Yes (n = 10199)No (n = 27497)Yes (n = 21606)No (n = 16090)Yes (n = 2075)No (n = 35621)
Atrial fibrillation8526322712121327
Incidence rate11.721.972.211.502.161.89
Adjusted HR2 (95%CI)1.46 (1.13-1.89)1 (reference)1.37 (1.10-1.71)1 (reference)2.38 (1.51-3.75)1 (reference)
1Incidence rates were calculated per 1000 patient-years, within the population who were over 20 years old and not previously diagnosed with atrial fibrillation;
2Adjusted with age, sex, place, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, previous history of stroke, ischemic heart disease, and end stage renal disease. HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.