Novel targeting approaches and signaling pathways of colorectal cancer: An insight

Table 1 Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for colorectal cancer targeting

System	Chemotherapeutic agent	Significance	Ref.
Nanoparticles	Resveratrol (RSV)	Sustained release of RSV (over 72 h), and drug solubility enhancement	[17]
Micellar delivery system	Docetaxel	Enhanced the efficacy of hydrophobic chemotherapy and reduced systemic toxicity	[18]
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS)	Sunitinib malate	Enhancement of in vitro dissolution rate and anticancer potential of drugs possessing low water solubility such as sunitinib malate	[19]
Small molecule-based theranostic system, Gal-Dox	Doxorubicin	Drug localization and site of action can be monitored	[20]
Polymeric micelles	Tanshinone IIA (TAN)	Improved efficacy of anticancer drugs and promoted the growth of beneficial commensal flora in the gut	[21]
Pressure-sensitive nanogels	5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)	Higher 5-FU intracellular accumulation and a significant cell death extension by apoptosis	[22]
Microspheres	Atorvastatin and celecoxib	Synergistic effect on colon cancer prevention and inhibition	[23]
Microbeads	Doxorubicin	Exhibited reduction-responsive character, release the DOX in reducing environments due to cleavage of the disulfide linkers	[24]
Carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) chitosan nanoparticles	Small interfering RNA	Significant changes of Epithelial mesenchymal transition genes and apoptosis	[25]
Liposomes	Apatinib	cRGD-modified liposomes displayed greater apoptosis	[26]

Table 2 Overview of clinical trials of colorectal cancer

Therapy	Agent	Clinical status	Ref.
Five peptides combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy	Oxaliplatin	Phase II	[34]
Panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) vs FOLFOX4 alone	Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin	Phase III trial	[35]
Checkpoint inhibitors	Nivolumab and pembrolizumab	Phase 2 study	[36]
Combination vaccine treatment of five therapeutic epitope-peptides	Fluorouracil, irinotecan or oxaliplatin	Phase I	[37]
Autologous dendritic cell based adoptive immunotherapy	-	Phase I-II	[38]
Autologous antigen-activated dendritic cells in the treatment of CRC	-	Phase I-II	[39]
Adjuvant chemotherapy (FOLFOX)	5-fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV)	Phase III	[40]