Nutrition status and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients receiving hemodialysis

Table 1 Hemodialysis treatment duration and Helicobacter pylori infection status in hemodialysis patients[27], %

	< 1 yr	1-3 yr	3-10 yr	> 10 yr	P value
H. pylori infection rate	23.8 (15/63)	16.7 (18/108)	15.0 (34/226)	7.8 (8/13)	0.043
Rate of H. pylori negatives	55.5 (35/63)	62.0 (67/108)	68.1 (154/226)	68.9 (71/103)	> 0.05

Table 2 Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for chronic renal failure patients

Year	Author	Country	n	Regimen	Treatment period	Eradication rate (%)	Analytic methods
1997	Tamura et al[61]	Japan	14	LPZ (30) oid/ 8 wk, AMPC (500) oid/ 3 wk, plaunotol (80) tid/ 24 wk	21 d	78.6	RUT, Culture, Histology
1998	Munos de Bustillo E et al[30]	Spain	23	OPZ (20) bid, AMPC (500) tid	14 d	60.8	UBT
			23	plus OPZ (20) bid, CAM (500) bid	14 d	82.6
1998	Tokushima et al[62]	Japan	17	LPZ (30) oid/ 8 wk, AMPC (500)	21 d	76.5	RUT, Culture, Histology
			10	LPZ (30) oid, AMPC (250), MNZ (250) bid/	7 d	90
1999	Araki et al[63]	Japan	17	OPZ (20) oid/ 8 wk, AMPC (250) oid, CAM (200) oid/ 3 wk, polaprizinc (0.5) bid/ 24 wk	21 d	88.2	IgG, Histology
1999	Gur et al[11]	Turkey	25	FAM (40) oid, CAM (500) bid, MNZ (250) bid	15 d	80	Histology, RUT
2001	Wang et al[64]	China	38	OPZ (20), AMPC (1000), CAM (500) bid	7 d	86.8	Stool
2002	Mak et al[91]	China	21 (CRF)	OPZ (20), AMPC (1000), CAM (500) bid	7 d	90.5	RUT
2002	Tsukada et al[65]	Japan	39	OPZ (30) bid, AMPC (500) tid, CAM (400) bid	7 d	82.1	UBT
2003	Mak et al[92]	China	25 (CRF)	OPZ (20) or LPZ (30), AMPC (1000), CAM (500) bid	7 d	96	Histology
2003	Sheu et al[67]	China	38 (CRF)	LPZ (30), AMPC (750), CAM (500) bid	7 d	76.3
			40 (CRF)	LPZ (30), CAM (500), MNZ (500) bid	7 d	92.5	Stool
2004	Sezer et al[4]	Turkey	17	OPZ (20), AMPC (1000), CAM (500) bid/	14 d	94.1	Endoscopy
2007	Tseng et al[93]	China	34 (CRF)	ESO (40) or OPZ (20) bid, AMPC (1000) bid, CAM (500) bid	7 d	94.1	UBT
2007	Itatsu et al[69]	Japan	11	LPZ (60), AMPC (750), CAM (400)	7 d	72.7	RUT
			9	LPZ (60), CAM (400)	7 d	33.3
2010	Change et al[70]	Korea	12	OPZ (20), AMPC (250), CAM (250), bid	7 d	83.4	RUT, Histology
2010	Jalalzadeh et al[94], Falaknazi et al[95]	Iran	37	OPZ (20), AMPC (1000), CAM (250), bid	14 d	81.1	IgG, UBT, Stool
2012	Seyyedmajidi et al[96], Jalalzadeh et al[97,98]	Iran	17	OPZ (20), AMPC (500), CAM (250), bid	14 d	82.4	UBT, Stool
	Vafaeimanesh et al[99]
			20	OPZ (40), AMPC (500), azithromycin (250), bid	14 d	80
2014	Makhlough et al[100]	Iran	21	PPZ (40), AMPC (500), CAM (250), bid	14 d	66.7	RUT, Histology
			24	Sequential therapy (PPT [40] 10 d, AMPC (500) bid, 5 d and CAM (250), tinidazole (500), bid, 5 d	10 d	84
2016	Makhlough et al[101]	Iran	20	PPZ (40), AMPC (500), CAM (500), bid	14 d	70	RUT, Stool
			20	Hybrid regimen PPZ (40), AMPC (500), bid, 7 d + PPZ (40), AMPC (500), CAM (500), tinidazole (500), bid, 7 d	14 d	100
2018	Sahara et al[55]	Japan	18	ESO (20), AMPC (750), CAM (200) bid	7 d	77.8	IgG
			19	ESO (20), AMPC (250), CAM (200) bid	7 d	84.2

AMPC: Amoxicillin; CAM: Clarithromycin; ESO: Esomeprazole; FAM: Famotidine; LPZ: Lansoprazole; MNZ: Metronidazole; NA: Not available; OPZ: Omeprazole; PPZ: Pantoprazole; RUT: Rapid urease test; UBT: Urea breath test; bid: Twice-daily dosing; tid: Three-times-daily dosing.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics in hemodialysis patients between patients with and without gastric mucosal atrophy[19]

	Atrophy (-)	Atrophy (+)	P-value
N (Male/Female)	28 (17/11)	50 (33/17)	-
Age	67.7 ± 12.3	71.6 ± 11.0	0.155
Dialysis periods (yr)	7.5 (2.4-16.8)	7.7 (3.1-12.7)	0.681
Acyl-ghrelin	38.0 (23.5-57.0)	18.0 (12.0-26.3)	< 0.001
Desacyl-ghrelin	303 (248-533)	200 (137-277)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	19.8 ± 3.2	19.6 ± 2.8	0.773
Albumin (g/dL)	3.5 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.4	0.273
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	166 ± 37	154 ± 36	0.165
Cholinesterase (U/L)	245 ± 111	219 ± 68.7	0.205
Intact PTH (pg/mL)	351 ± 294	247 ± 192	0.062
Ferritin (ng/mL)	128 ± 118	128 ± 221	0.989
PG I (ng/mL)	416.2 (314.2-783.7)	196.0 (73.8-358.8)	< 0.001
PG II (ng/mL)	42.3 (31.6-60.0)	28.4 (16.8-45.7)	0.003
PG I/II ratio	10.89 (9.11-13.38)	7.31 (4.17-11.08)	0.001
nPCR (g/kg/d)	0.94 ± 0.14	0.85 ± 0.16	0.022

BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; CRP: C-reactive protein; PG: Pepsinogen; ABI: Ankle-brachial pressure index; nPCR: Normalized protein catabolic rate.

Table 4 Plasma acyl-ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin levels according to Helicobacter pylori status in hemodialysis patients[18]

	Non-infection (n = 29)	Past-infection (n = 27)	Present infection (n = 17)
Plasma acyl-ghrelin (fmol/mL)	39.4 ± 23.0	23.4 ± 19.9a	24.6 ± 17.5a
Plasma desacyl-ghrelin (fmol/mL)	353.2 ± 190.2	242.1 ± 139.6a	236.3 ± 143.6a

^aP < 0.05 vs Non-infection group.