Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2017; 23(40): 7283-7291
Published online Oct 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i40.7283
Table 1 Patient demographics n (%)
Development Database
Validation Database
CS CohortNon-CS CohortAllP valueCS CohortNon-CS CohortAllP value
n2517531,004181543724
Age (yr) 18-4452.77 ± 10.8854.37 ± 13.2853.97 ± 12.740.05851.76 ± 9.3351.67 ± 10.0351.69 ± 9.850.913
52 (20.7)143 (19.0)195 (19.4)0.03433 (18.2)100 (18.4)133 (18.4)0.637
45-5480 (31.9)219 (29.1)299 (29.8)64 (35.4)203 (37.4)267 (36.9)
55-6494 (37.5)257 (34.1)351 (35.0)83 (45.9)231 (42.5)314 (43.4)
65+25 (10.0)134 (17.8)159 (15.8)1 (0.6)9 (1.7)10 (1.4)
Female133 (53.0)407 (54.1)540 (53.8)0.770109 (60.2)297 (54.7)406 (56.1)0.195
Region0.3060.667
Midwest67 (26.7)219 (29.1)286 (28.5)37 (20.4)118 (21.7)155 (21.4)
Northeast57 (22.7)200 (26.6)257 (25.6)41 (22.7)100 (18.4)141 (19.5)
South106 (42.2)269 (35.7)375 (37.4)80 (44.2)254 (46.8)334 (46.1)
West21 (8.4)65 (8.6)86 (8.6)23 (12.7)71 (13.1)94 (13.0)
Table 2 Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Most frequent diagnoses1 in carcinoid syndrome patients, ordered by prevalence in carcinoid syndrome cohort n (%)
Diagnosis descriptionNo. of patients
Difference in Rate(CS-Non-CS)Relative Risk(CS vs Non-CS)
CS cohortn = 251Non-CS cohortn = 753
Abdominal pain2166 (66.14)388 (51.53)14.61%1.28
Hypertension2127 (50.60)393 (52.19)-1.59%0.97
Dyslipidemia2124 (49.40)347 (46.08)3.32%1.07
Benign neoplasm large bowel79 (31.47)241 (32.01)-0.53%0.98
Esophageal reflux74 (29.48)190 (25.23)4.25%1.17
Diverticulosis of colon (without mention of hemorrhage)68 (27.09)159 (21.12)5.98%1.28
Liver disorder256 (22.31)79 (10.49)11.82%2.13
Chest pain, unspecified53 (21.12)147 (19.52)1.59%1.08
Anemia, unspecified51 (20.32)141 (18.73)1.59%1.09
Pain in limb41 (16.33)117 (15.54)0.80%1.05
Internal hemorrhoids without mention of complication41 (16.33)87 (11.55)4.78%1.41
Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of stomach, intestine, and rectum39 (15.54)95 (12.62)2.92%1.23
Nonspecific (abnormal) findings on radiological and other examination of gastrointestinal tract38 (15.14)66 (8.76)6.37%1.73
Lumbago38 (15.14)79 (10.49)4.65%1.44
Enlargement of lymph nodes36 (14.34)40 (5.31)9.03%2.70
Malignant neoplasm of colon, unspecified site35 (13.94)114 (15.14)-1.20%0.92
Hypothyroidism, unspecified34 (13.55)106 (14.08)-0.53%0.96
Abdominal or pelvic swelling, mass, or lump, unspecified site (begin 1994)34 (13.55)60 (7.97)5.58%1.70
Other and unspecified noninfectious gastroenteritis and colitis32 (12.75)73 (9.69)3.05%1.32
Type 2 diabetes mellitus232 (12.75)158 (20.98)-8.23%0.61
Other specified disorders of intestine29 (11.55)70 (9.30)2.26%1.24
Obesity, unspecified28 (11.16)82 (10.89)0.27%1.02
Diaphragmatic hernia28 (11.16)65 (8.63)2.52%1.29
Headache28 (11.16)74 (9.83)1.33%1.14
Anxiety state, unspecified27 (10.76)71 (9.43)1.33%1.14
Acute appendicitis, unspecified26 (10.36)91 (12.08)-1.73%0.86
Reflux esophagitis26 (10.36)41 (5.44)4.91%1.90
Abdominal or pelvic swelling, mass, or lump, other specified site26 (10.36)35 (4.65)5.71%2.23
Dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach26 (10.36)26 (3.45)6.91%3.00
Urinary tract infection, unspecified26 (10.36)96 (12.75)-2.39%0.81
Pre-operative cardiovascular examination25 (9.96)102 (13.55)-3.59%0.74
Tobacco use disorder24 (9.56)77 (10.23)-0.66%0.94
Constipation, unspecified24 (9.56)79 (10.49)-0.93%0.91
Table 3 Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Selected measures n (%)
Development database
Validation database
CS CohortNon-CS CohortAllP valueCS CohortNon-CS CohortAllP value
n2517531004181543724
Abdominal pain166 (66.1)388 (51.5)554 (55.2)< 0.001104 (57.5)253 (46.6)357 (49.3)0.011
Dyslipidemia124 (49.4)347 (46.1)471 (46.9)0.36167 (37.0)209 (38.5)276 (38.1)0.724
Diverticulosis of colon68 (27.1)159 (21.1)227 (22.6)0.05037 (20.4)93 (17.1)130 (18.0)0.314
Liver disorder56 (22.3)79 (10.5)135 (13.4)< 0.00150 (27.6)44 (8.1)94 (13.0)< 0.001
Enlarged lymph nodes36 (14.3)40 (5.3)76 (7.6)< 0.00123 (12.7)25 (4.6)48 (6.6)< 0.001
Type 2 diabetes32 (12.7)158 (21.0)190 (18.9)0.00430 (16.6)91 (16.8)121 (16.7)0.954
Abdominal mass26 (10.4)35 (4.6)61 (6.1)0.01023 (12.7)16 (2.9)39 (5.4)< 0.001
Dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach26 (10.4)26 (3.5)52 (5.2)< 0.0018 (4.4)35 (6.4)43 (5.9)0.318
Table 4 Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Results of final model
Independent variable1Development database
Validation database
OR (95%CI)P valueOR (95%CI)P value
Age group
18-44 vs 65+2.30 (1.26-4.23)0.0074.88 (0.56-42.11)0.150
45-54 vs 65+1.94 (1.14-3.31)0.0153.63 (0.43-30.41)0.235
55-64 vs 65+2.01 (1.20-3.38)0.0083.85 (0.46-31.93)0.212
Number of chronic conditions0.94 (0.87-1.01)0.0931.13 (1.02-1.24)0.014
Abdominal pain1.50 (1.08-2.09)0.0161.22 (0.83-1.77)0.309
Dyslipidemia1.52 (1.08-2.15)0.0160.83 (0.55-1.25)0.373
Diverticulosis of colon1.55 (1.08-2.24)0.0191.16 (0.72-1.86)0.537
Liver disorder22.12 (1.40-3.20)< 0.0013.38 (2.07-5.51)< 0.001
Enlarged lymph nodes2.33 (1.38-3.92)0.0012.13 (1.10-4.11)0.025
Type 2 diabetes0.59 (0.38-0.92)0.0210.89 (0.54-1.48)0.653
Abdominal mass1.89 (1.06-3.37)0.0313.79 (1.87-7.69)< 0.001
Dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach2.95 (1.60-5.43)< 0.0010.54 (0.23-1.26)0.154