Epidemiological and clinical perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome in India, Bangladesh and Malaysia: A review

Table 1 Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in India, Bangladesh and Malaysia

Ref.	Study site	Sample size	Study type	Criteria	Prevalence	Male/female ratio
Shah et al[9]	Mumbai, India	2549	Community/healthy subjects	Manning	7.5%	1/0.87
	Urban
Ghoshal et al[10]	Multiple sites, India	4500	Community	Clinical	4.2%	1/0.93
Makharia et al[11]	Haryana, India	4767	Community	Rome III	4%	1/1.5
Ghoshal et al[12]	Uttar Pradesh, India, rural	2876	Community	Rome III	6.8%	1/1.09
Masud et al[13]	Natore,	2426	Community	Rome I	8.5%	1/1.84
	Bangladesh
	Rural
Perveen et al[14]	Dhaka, Bangladesh, urban	1503	Community	Rome II	7.7%	1/1.28
Perveen et al[15]	Sylthet,	3000	Community	Rome III	12.9%	1/1.09
	Bangladesh
	urban and rural
Rajendra et al[16]	West coast, Malaysia, urban	1179	Community	Rome II	14%	1/1.4
Lee et al[17]	East coast, Malaysia		Community	Rome III	10.9%	1/1.18
	rural

Table 2 Rome III and Rome IV criteria for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome[37]

Rome III criteria	Rome IV criteria
At least 3 mo, with onset at least 6 mo previous to recurrent (at least 3 d/mo) abdominal pain or discomfort associated with 2 or more of the following	Recurrent abdominal pain, on average, at least 1 d per week in the last 3 mo, associated with 2 or more of the following
Improvement with defecation	Related to defecation
Onset associated with a change of frequency of stool	Associated with a change in frequency of stool
Onset associated with a change in form of stool	Associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool

Table 3 Studies on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in India

Ref.	Number of IBS patients	Diagnostic criteria of IBS	Number of controls	Method of diagnosis of SIBO	% of SIBO in IBS	% of SIBO in controls
Ghoshal et al[99]	80	Rome III	-	Culture of upper jejunal aspirate	19	-
Rana et al[100]	225	Rome II	100	GHBT	11.1	1
Gupta et al[101]	69	Rome II	-	GHBT	13	-
Ghoshal et al[95]	129	Manning	51	GHBT	8.5	2

GHBT: Glucose hydrogen breath test; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Table 4 Consultation rate of IBS patients in different population-based studies in India and Bangladesh

Ref.	Study areas/ country	Number of IBS patients	Diagnostic criteria of IBS	ConsultationRate	Reason of consultation	Nature of consulting doctors
Shah et al[9]	Urban/India	190	Manning	28.94%	-	-
Ghoshal et al[12]	Rural/India	FGIDs	Rome III	17.20%	-	MBBS and above (3.1%)
						Homeopathic (5%)
						Ayuervadic (8.3%)
						Unani (0.8%)
Masud et al[13]	Rural/Bangladesh	593	Manning	39.0%	Altered stool passage
					Sense of incomplete evacuation
					Mucus in stool
Perveen et al[14]	Urban/Bangladesh	116	Rome II	65.50%	Multiple dyspeptic symptoms

IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; FGIDs: Functional gastrointestinal disorders.