Behavioral gastroenterology: An emerging system and new frontier of action

Table 1 FODMAP food list

Food category	Low FODMAP food	High FODMAP food
	(things good to intake)	(things to avoid/reduce)
Vegetables and Legumes	Alfalfa, Bean sprouts, Brussel sprouts, Butternut squash, Callaloo, Carrots, Celery, Chick peas, Chilli, Chives, Cho cho, Choy sum, Collard greens, Corn, Cucumber, Fennel, Green beans, Green pepper, Ginger, Leek leaves, Lentils	Garlic, Onions, Artichoke, Asparagus, Baked beans, Beetroot, Black beans, Cassava, Cauliflower, Falafel, Leek bulb, Mange Tout, Mixed vegetables, Mushrooms, Peas, sugar snap, Savoy Cabbage, Shallots, Taro
Fruit	Ackee, Bananas, Bilberries, Blueberries, Breadfruit, Cranberry, Clementine, Dragon fruit, Grapes, Kiwifruit, Lime, Mandarin, Orange, Passion fruit, Paw paw, Papaya, Pineapple, Plantain, peeled, Raspberry, Strawberry, Tamarind, Tangelo	Apples, Apricots, Avocado, Blackberries, Blackcurrants, Cherries, Currants, Dates, Goji berries, Grapefruit, Lychee, Mango, Peaches, Pears, Pineapple, Plums, Prunes, Sultanas, Tamarillo, Watermelon
Meats, Poultry, and Meat substitutes	Beef, Chicken, Kangaroo, Lamb, Pork, Prosciutto, Quorn, mince, Turkey, Cold cuts/deli meat/cold meats	Chorizo, Sausages, Processed meat - check ingredients
Fish and seafood	Canned tuna, Fresh fish (e.g., Cod, Haddock, Plaice, Salmon, Trout, Tuna), Seafood (e.g., Crab, Lobster, Mussels, Oysters, Prawns, Shrimp)
		—
Cereals, Grains, Breads, Biscuits, Pasta, Nuts, and Cakes	Wheat free breads, Gluten free breads, Almonds, Biscuit, savoury, Biscuit, shortbread, Brazil nuts, Bulgur, Buckwheat, Brown rice, Chestnuts, Cornflour, Polenta, Popcorn, Potato flour, Pretzels, Quinoa, Rice, Sorghum, Walnuts	Wheat containing products, Almond meal, Amaranth flour, Barley including flour, Bran cereals, Bread, Cashews, Cous cous, Einkorn flour, Freekeh, Gnocchi, Muesli bar, Pistachios, Rye, Rye crispbread, Semolina, Spelt flour
Condiments, Dips, Sweets, Sweeteners, and Spreads	Aspartame, Acesulfame K, Barbecue sauce, Capers in vinegar, Capers, salted, Chocolate, Garlic infused oil, Golden syrup, Glucose, Marmalade, Marmite, Soy sauce, Stevia, Sweet and sour sauce, Sucralose, Sugar, Vegemite, Vinegars	Agave, Caviar dip, Fructose, Fruit bar, Hummus, Honey, Jam mixed berries/strawberry, Pesto sauce, Quince paste, Relish /vegetable pickle, Stock cubes, Sugar free sweets containing polyols, Sweeteners, Tahini paste, Tzatziki dip
Drinks and protein Powders	Drinking chocolate powder, Espresso, regular, black, Fruit juice (125 mL and safe fruits only), Malted chocolate powder, Tea (Chai tea weak, Green tea, Peppermint tea, White tea), Water	Beer, Coconut water, Cordial, Fruit juices made of apple, pear, mango and Orange, Rum, Sodas containing High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), Soy milk, Sports drinks, Wine
Dairy foods	Butter, Dairy free chocolate pudding, Eggs, Margarine, Soy protein, Tempeh, Tofu, Whipped cream, Yoghurt with lactose free	Buttermilk, Cheese, Cream, Custard, Gelato, Ice cream, Kefir, Milk, Sour cream, Yoghurt