Chronic hepatitis B, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and physical fitness of military males: CHIEF study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of military men with chronic hepatitis B or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and the unaffected

	Chronic hepatitis B, n = 121	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, n = 129	Unaffected, n = 3419	P value
Age in years	33.5 ± 4.1	30.2 ± 5.1	29.2 ± 5.9	< 0.0001
Service specialty				0.29
Air force	36 (29.75)	38 (29.46)	953 (27.87)
Army	55 (45.45)	56 (43.41)	1743 (50.98)
Navy	30 (24.79)	35 (27.13)	723 (21.15)
BMI in kg/m2	25.5 ± 2.7	27.6 ± 2.5	24.7 ± 3.1	< 0.0001
Waist circumstance in cm	85.4 ± 6.4	90.0 ± 5.9	83.1 ± 8.0	< 0.0001
SBP in mmHg	117.2 ± 12.7	123.4 ± 12.6	118.2 ± 13.1	< 0.0001
DBP in mmHg	71.6 ± 10.7	73.6 ± 10.4	70.4 ± 10.1	0.0009
Heart rate in beats/min	74.9 ± 10.8	74.0 ± 11.7	72.0 ± 10.8	0.0021
Hypertension	11 (9.09)	17 (13.18)	294 (8.60)	0.19
AST in U/L	24.1 ± 13.7	43.4 ± 16.4	19.8 ± 6.8	< 0.0001
ALT in U/L	32.7 ± 27.8	85.4 ± 29.9	20.4 ± 10.8	< 0.0001
Hb in g/dL	15.2 ± 1.0	15.4 ± 1.1	15.2 ± 1.0	0.016
Cigarette smoking	38 (31.40)	43 (33.86)	1295 (38.46)	0.18
Alcohol drinking	62 (51.24)	47 (36.43)	1507 (44.08)	0.062
Exercise frequency				0.55
Never or occasionally	23 (19.01)	27 (20.93)	719 (21.03)
1-2 times/wk	43 (35.54)	56 (43.41)	1279 (37.41)
> 3-5 times/wk	55 (45.45)	46 (35.66)	1421 (41.56)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD, and categorical variables as n (%). ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; Hb: Hemoglobin; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Relationship of chronic hepatitis B, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and unaffected status with exercise performances

	3-m run			2-min sit-ups			2-min push-ups
	n	mean ± SE	P value	n	mean ± SE	P value	n	mean ± SE	P value
Model 1			< 0.00011			< 0.00011			< 0.00011
Chronic hepatitis B	106	862.90 (6.88)	0.0072	120	47.04 (0.73)	0.132	120	46.71 (1.07)	0.582
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	102	889.18 (6.95)	< 0.00013	128	45.52 (0.70)	0.00323	127	45.90 (1.03)	0.00073
Unaffected	3088	858.41 (1.34)	0.524	3403	47.61 (0.14)	0.444	3394	49.44 (0.21)	0.0124
Model 2			< 0.00011			< 0.00011			< 0.00011
Chronic hepatitis B	106	861.15 (6.69)	0.172	120	47.05 (0.73)	0.222	120	46.86 (1.06)	0.562
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	102	874.35 (6.83)	0.00253	128	47.80 (0.71)	0.00133	127	47.71 (1.03)	0.113
Unaffected	3081	858.75 (1.31)	0.724	3395	47.60 (0.14)	0.464	3385	49.40 (0.21)	0.0184
Model 3			< 0.00011			< 0.00011			< 0.00011
Chronic hepatitis B	105	866.74 (6.54)	0.302	119	46.68 (0.72)	0.332	119	46.37 (1.05)	0.352
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	100	876.41 (6.70)	0.0693	125	45.71 (0.71)	0.0433	124	47.74 (1.04)	0.293
Unaffected	3029	864.07 (1.38)	0.694	3340	47.16 (0.15)	0.514	3330	48.86 (0.22)	0.0204

¹Overall P value;

²Chronic hepatitis B vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;

³Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis vs unaffected;

⁴Chronic hepatitis B vs unaffected. Model 1: Adjusted for age and service specialty; Model 2: Adjusted for age, service specialty, and body mass index; Model 3: Adjusted for age, service specialty, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, current smoking, alcohol intake, hemoglobin, and exercise frequency.

Table 3 Linear regression of chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with exercise performances

	Chronic hepatitis B		Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
	β (SE)	P value	β (SE)	P value
Model 1
Running	4.59 (6.98)	0.51	30.65 (7.05)	< 0.0001
Sit-ups	-0.58 (0.74)	0.43	-2.09 (0.71)	0.0033
Push-ups	-2.75 (1.09)	0.01	-3.49 (1.05)	0.009
Model 2
Running	2.54 (6.79)	0.71	15.48 (6.94)	0.026
Sit-ups	-0.55 (0.74)	0.45	-1.79 (0.72)	0.013
Push-ups	-2.57 (1.07)	0.017	-1.65 (1.05)	0.12
Model 3
Running	1.98 (6.68)	0.10	11.96 (6.91)	0.084
Sit-ups	-0.45 (0.73)	0.53	-1.47 (0.72)	0.04
Push-ups	-2.49 (1.06)	0.019	-1.10 (1.05)	0.30

Model 1: Adjusted for age and service specialty; Model 2: Adjusted for age, service specialty, and body mass index; Model 3: Adjusted for age, service specialty, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, current smoking, alcohol intake, hemoglobin, and exercise frequency.

Table 4 Association of chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with best 10% and worst 10% of exercise performances

	Chronic hepatitis B		Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis		Unaffected
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	Ref.
For the top 10% performance level
Model 1
Running ≤ 783 s	0.85 (0.52-1.41)	0.53	1.26 (0.82-1.92)	0.29	1.00
Sit-ups ≥ 58/2 min	0.78 (0.37-1.62)	0.50	0.28 (0.10-0.77)	0.013	1.00
Push-ups ≥ 60/2 min	0.64 (0.31-1.33)	0.23	0.43 (0.20-0.93)	0.033	1.00
Model 2
Running ≤ 783 s	0.85 (0.51-1.40)	0.52	1.20 (0.78-1.84)	0.41	1.00
Sit-ups ≥ 58/2 min	0.78 (0.38-1.63)	0.51	0.30 (0.11-0.83)	0.021	1.00
Push-ups ≥ 60/2 min	0.65 (0.31-1.36)	0.26	0.56 (0.26-1.22)	0.14	1.00
Model 3
Running ≤ 783 s	0.85 (0.52-1.41)	0.53	1.16 (0.75-1.80)	0.50	1.00
Sit-ups ≥ 58/2 min	0.79 (0.38-1.66)	0.53	0.32 (0.12-0.89)	0.028	1.00
Push-ups ≥ 60/2 min	0.68 (0.32-1.42)	0.30	0.60 (0.28-1.32)	0.21	1.00
For the bottom 10% performance level
Model 1
Running ≥ 934 s	1.15 (0.63-2.07)	0.65	1.86 (1.14-3.04)	0.013	1.00
Sit-ups < 40/2 min	0.98 (0.59-1.62)	0.93	1.55 (0.92-2.61)	0.098	1.00
Push-ups < 37/2 min	1.50 (0.88-2.55)	0.13	1.80 (1.12-2.88)	0.015	1.00
Model 2
Running ≥ 934 s	1.12 (0.62-2.03)	0.71	1.22 (0.74-2.02)	0.44	1.00
Sit-ups < 40/2 min	0.96 (0.58-1.60)	0.88	1.42 (0.84-2.41)	0.19	1.00
Push-ups < 37/2 min	1.48 (0.87-2.53)	0.15	1.24 (0.76-2.01)	0.39	1.00
Model 3
Running ≥ 934 s	1.15 (0.63-2.10)	0.65	1.14 (0.68-1.92)	0.65	1.00
Sit-ups < 40/2 min	0.95 (0.56-1.59)	0.83	1.24 (0.71-2.15)	0.54	1.00
Push-ups < 37/2 min	1.46 (0.85-0.52)	0.17	1.08 (0.65-1.79)	0.76	1.00

Model 1: Adjusted for age and service specialty; Model 2: Adjusted for age, service specialty, and body mass index; Model 3: Adjusted for age, service specialty, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, current smoking, alcohol intake, hemoglobin, and exercise frequency.