Gender difference in gastro-esophageal reflux diseases

Table 1 The male/female ratio in the prevalence of erosive esophagitis and non-erosive esophagitis

	Ref.	Country	Number		Study period	Male/female ratio
			Men	Women
Erosive reflux esophagitis
United States	El-Serag et al[13], 2002	United States	4092	2617	NA	1.6
	Lin et al[14], 2004	United States	131	63	NA	1.6
Europe	Nilsson et al[15], 2002	Sweden	108	71	1996-1997	1.6
	Jaspersen et al[16], 2003	German/Austria /Switzerland	1966	1279	2000-2001	1.6
	Ford et al[17], 2005	United Kingdom	1695	1301	2001-2003	1.4
	Menon et al[18], 2011	United Kingdom	13148	11092	1997-2009	1.2
Asia	Furukawa et al[19], 1999	Japan	533	444	1996-1998	1.3
	Koike et al[20], 1999	Japan	98	78	1995-1998	1.3
	Ho et al[21], 2005	Singapore	649	479	1992-2001	1.4
Non-erosive reflux esophagitis
United States	Richter et al[24], 2000	United States	375	523	NA	0.8
Europe	Damiano et al[25], 2003	United States	73	150	NA	0.5
	Jaspersen et al[16], 2003	German/Austria /Switzerland	1337	1633	2000-2001	0.9
	Ronkainen et al[12], 2005	Sweden	340	431	NA	0.8

NA: Non-applicable (data not available).

Table 2 The male/female ratio in the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus

	Ref.	Country	Number		Study period	Male/female ratio
			Men	Women
Columnar lined epithelium with intestinal metaplasia
United States	Rudolph et al[30], 2000	United States	226	83	1993-1998	2.8
	Conio et al[31], 2001	United States	108	46	1969-1998	2.4
	Kubo et al[32], 2013	United States/Ireland /Australia	786	316	1997-2003	2.5
Europe	Bani-Hani et al[33], 2000	United Kingdom	179	128	1984-1995	1.4
	van Blankenstein et al[34], 2005	United Kingdom	248	127	1982-1996	1.4
	Anderson et al[35], 2003	Northern Ireland	819	473	1993-1999	1.8
	Kulig et al[36], 2003	Germany/Austria /Switzerland	456	246	2000-2001	1.9
	Pohl et al[37], 2013	Germany	NA	NA	2005-2009	2.6
	Conio et al[38], 2003	Italy	135	31	1987-1997	4.4
	van Soest et al[39], 2005	Netherlands	158	102	1996-2003	1.6
	de Jonge et al[40], 2010	Netherlands	NA	NA	1996-2006	1.7
	Ronkainen et al[41], 2005	Sweden	9	7	1998	1.3
	Hvid-Jensen et al[42], 2011	Denmark	7366	3662	1992-2009	2.1
Asia/Oceania	Hillman et al[43], 2003	Australia	NA	NA	1981-2001	2.5
Columnar lined epithelium irrespective of intestinal metaplasia
Europe	Coleman et al[45], 2011	Northern Ireland	5482	3897	1993-2005	1.4
	Masclee et al[46], 2014	United Kingdom	7811	4501	2000-2011	1.8
		Netherlands	856	527	2000-2012	1.7
Asia	Dong et al[47], 2013	China	2452	1377	2001-2011	1.8

NA: Non-applicable (data not available).

Table 3 The male/female ratio in the prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma

	Ref.	Ethnicity/country	Per million		Study period	Male/female ratio
			Men	Women
United States	Dubecz et al[48], 2013	White	40	11	1980	3.7
		Non-white	23	10		2.3
		White	65	15	1990	4.4
		Non-white	30	19		1.6
		White	90	20	2000	4.5
		Non-white	27	18		1.5
Europe	van Soest et al[39], 2005	Netherlands	39	12	1996-2003	3.3
	Lepage et al[49], 2008	England and Wales	NA	NA	1971-2001	5.0
	Hvid-Jensen et al[42], 2011	Denmark	56	10	1992-2009	5.6
	Pohl et al[37], 2013	Germany	87	23	2005-2009	3.8
	Hillman et al[43], 2003	Australia	11	2	1981-2001	5.5
Asia/Oceania	Ozawa et al[50], 2010	Japan	3661	574	2002	6.4
	Chang et al[51], 2002	Taiwan	93%	7%	1981-1995	13.3
	Fernandes et al[52], 2006	Singapore	96	30	1968-2002	3.2

NA: Non-applicable (data not available).