Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges

Table 1 Prevalence of human bocavirus infection in respiratory infections and co-infections worldwide from 2005 to 2016

Country	Number	Number	Prevalence	Number	Number	Co-infections
	of studies	of subjects	estimates	of studies	of HBoV+ subjects	estimates
			(%) (95%CI)			(%) (95%CI)
Argentina	4	1536	13.5 (11.8-15.3)	4	208	55.8 (49.0-62.5)
Australia	10	2745	13.0 (11.7-14.2)	3	132	64.4 (56.2-72.6)
Belgium	1	445	11.5 (8.5-14.4)	1	51	49.0 (35.3-62.7)
Brazil	14	2718	10.8 (9.6-11.9)	10	293	90.1 (86.7-93.5)
Cambodia	4	3779	1.6 (1.2-2.0)	2	58	53.4 (40.6-66,3)
Canada	3	2825	4.1 (3.3-4.8)	2	97	59.8 (50.0-69.6)
China	62	106960	5.0 (4.9-5.2)	35	4088	50.3 (48.8-51.8)
Denmark	1	228	25.0 (19.4-30.6)	1	57	47.4 (34.4-60.3)
Egypt	1	95	56.8 (46.9-66.8)	NG	NG	-
Finland	11	4541	6.3 (5.6-7.0)	5	197	61.4 (54.6-68.2)
France	16	5826	6.1 (5.5-6.8)	13	282	31.2 (25.8-36.6)
Germany	17	4595	10.1 (9.2-10.9)	10	390	38.7 (33.9-43.6)
Greece	3	2039	5.8 (4.8-6.8)	3	118	48.3 (39.3-57.3)
Hong Kong	3	3709	7.6 (6.7-8.4)	1	95	18.9 (11.1-26.8)
Hungary	2	94	29.8 (20.5-39.0)	1	28	53.6 (35.1-72.0)
India	2	605	4.0 (2.4-5.5)	2	24	8.3 (0.0-19.4)
Iran	2	394	7.6 (5.0-10.2)	1	21	33.3 (13.2-53.5)
Israel	2	721	4.0 (2.6-5.5)	1	26	30.8 (13.0-48.5)
Italy	19	7354	7.4 (6.8-8.0)	14	513	62.8 (58.6-67.0)
Japan	8	5016	10.1 (9.3-10.9)	5	435	61.1 (56.6-65.7)
Jordan	1	312	18.3 (14.0-22.6)	1	57	89.5 (81.5-97.4)
Kenya	1	384	1.8 (0.5-3.2)	1	7	100.0 (-)
Kuwait	1	735	1.9 (0.9-2.9)	NG	NG	-
Malawi	1	95	6.3 (1.4-11.2)	NG	NG	-
Mexico	1	162	4.9 (1.6-8.3)	1	8	37.5 (4.0-71.0)
New Zealand	1	230	3.5 (1.1-5.8)	1	8	37.5 (4.0-71.0)
Nicaragua	1	192	33.3 (26.7-40.0)	NG	NG	-
Nigeria	1	246	2.4 (0.5-4.4)	1	6	83.3 (53.5-100)
Norway	3	1853	12.0 (10.5-13.5)	3	222	72.1 (66.2-78.0)
Peru	1	191	25.1 (19.0-31.3)	NG	NG	-
Portugal	3	428	6.5 (4.2-8.9)	NG	NG	-
Senegal	2	312	1.0 (0.0-2.0)	2	3	33.3 (0.0-86.7)
Shanghai	1	486	24.5 (20.7-28.3)	1	119	54.6 (45.7-63.6)
Singapore	1	500	8.0 (5.6-10.4)	1	40	30.0 (15.8-44.2)
Slovenia	1	891	18.4 (15.9-21.0)	1	164	59.8 (52.3-67.3)
South Africa	6	2880	10.3 (9.2-11.4)	5	278	56.8 (51.0-62.7)
South Arabia	5	833	5.3 (3.8-6.8)	4	39	53.8 (38.2-69.5)
South Korea	10	7594	5.8 (5.2-6.3)	10	437	43.0 (38.4-47.7)
Spain	16	13560	9.9 (9.4-10.4)	9	794	72.2 (69.0-75.3)
Sweden	3	956	12.1 (10.1-14.2)	3	116	38.8 (29.9-47.7)
Switzerland	3	279	4.3 (1.9-6.7)	NG	NG	-
Taiwan	5	1657	5.6 (4.4-6.7)	4	62	33.9 (22.1-45.7)
Thailand	8	2983	7.1 (6.2-8.0)	2	40	62.5 (47.5-77.5)
The Netherlands	5	2645	6.8 (5.9-7.8)	3	9	66.7 (35.9-97.5)
The Philippines	2	1284	1.0 (0.5-1.6)	1	7	71.4 (38.0-100)
Turkey	10	3949	2.3 (1.8-2.8)	4	39	30.8 (16.3-45.3)
United Kingdom	8	14923	1.5 (1.3-1.7)	4	102	32.4 (23.3-41.4)
Uruguay	1	1078	4.1 (2.9-5.3)	1	44	54.5 (39.8-69.3)
United States	21	13549	9.8 (9.3-10.3)	14	903	38.1 (34.9-41.3)
Vietnam	3	2349	5.5 (4.6-6.4)	2	128	45.3 (36.7-53.9)
Total	311	233761	6.3 (6.2-6.4)	193	10745	52.4 (51.5-53.4)

NG: Not given.

Table 2 Prevalence of Human Bocavirus infection in gastrointestinal infections and co-infections worldwide from 2005 to 2016

Country	Number	Number	Prevalence	Number	Number	Co-infections
	of studies	of subjects	estimates	of studies	of HBoV+ subjects	estimates
			(% ) (95%CI)			(%) (95%CI)
Albania	1	142	9.2 (4.4-13.9)	1	13	23.1 (0.2-46.0)
Australia	3	890	8.5 (6.7-10.4)	NG	NG	-
Bangladesh	1	138	63.0 (55.0-71.1)	NG	NG	-
Brazil	5	2469	4.8 (4.0-5.7)	5	119	15.1 (8.7-21.6)
Chile	1	462	19.3 (15.7-22.9)	NG	NG	-
China	16	8805	6.6 (6.1-7.1)	8	380	67.4 (62.7-72.1)
Finland	3	2493	10.3 (9.1-11.5)	2	251	32.7 (26.9-38.5)
Germany	2	338	8.3 (5.3-11.2)	2	28	28.6 (11.8-45.3)
Hong Kong	1	1600	6.4 (5.2-7.6)	NG	NG	-
Hungary	1	61	3.3 (0.0-7.7)	NG	NG	-
Iran	4	621	14.2 (11.4-16.9)	1	16	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Ireland	1	155	7.7 (3.5-11.9)	1	12	100.0 (100.0-100.0)
Italy	2	1291	2.8 (1.9-3.7)	2	36	22.2 (8.6-35.8)
Japan	2	424	3.8 (2.0-5.6)	2	16	62.5 (38.8-86.2)
Mexico	1	76	1.3 (0.0-3.9)	1	1	100.0 (100.0-100.0)
Nepal	1	96	9.4 (3.5-15.2)	NG	NG	-
Nigeria	1	96	29.2 (20.1-38.3)	NG	NG	-
Pakistan	3	498	10.6 (7.9-13.4)	1	47	97.9 (93.7-100.0)
Paraguay	1	349	10.6 (7.4-13.8)	1	37	40.5 (24.7-56.4)
Russia	2	7031	1.4 (1.1-1.6)	2	95	49.5 (39.4-59.5)
South Korea	3	1640	3.8 (2.9-4.8)	2	55	14.5 (5.2-23.9)
Spain	1	520	9.2 (6.7-11.7)	1	48	52.1 (38.0-66.2)
Taiwan	1	110	3.6 (0.1-7.1)	NG	NG	-
Thailand	4	848	3.8 (2.5-5.1)	3	19	57.9 (35.7-80.1)
Tunisia	1	96	58.3 (48.5-68.2)	NG	NG	-
Turkey	1	150	8.7 (4.2-13.2)	NG	NG	-
United Kingdom	3	12459	5.4 (5.0-5.7)	1	324	46.0 (40.6-51.4)
United States	2	640	3.6 (2.2-5.0)	NG	NG	-
Total	68	44498	5.9 (5.7-6.1)	36	1497	46.7 (44.2-49.2)

NG: Not given.