Roles of hepatocyte nuclear factors in hepatitis B virus infection

Table 1 Hepatocyte nuclear factors and other transcription factors involved in hepatitis B virus transcription

Factor	Binding site	Effect on viral enhancers/promoters	Ref.
HNF1α	PreS1	Activation	[60]
	Enh II	Activation (interaction with hB1F)	[61]
	Enh II	Suppression (mutant HBV core promoter)	[50]
	Enh II	Activation	[62]
	Enh II	Activation (mutant HBV core promoter)	[49]
HNF3β	Enh I	Activation (interaction with STAT3)	[48]
	Enh I	Suppression (HepG2)/ Activation (SK-Hep1)	[68]
	Enh II	Suppression	[67]
	Enh II	Activation	[66]
HNF4α	EnhII/PreS1	Activation	[73]
	Enh II	Activation	[130]
HNF6	PreS2	Suppression	[78]
C/EBP	Enh I	Suppression	[83]
	Enh II	Activation	[81]
	Enh II	Activation	[46]
	Enh II	Activation	[80]
FXR/RXR	Enh II	Activation	[99]
HLF	Enh II	Activation	[6]
NF1	PreS2	Activation	[101]
	Enh I	Suppression	[102]
SP1	Enh II	Activation	[104,105]
	PreS1	Activation	[106]
	PreS2	Activation	[107]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus.

Table 2 Upstream factors and signals involved in the regulation of hepatocyte nuclear factors and other factors related to hepatitis B virus replication

Regulating factor	Target molecule	Effect on target molecule	Effect on HBV replication	Ref.
TGF-β	HNF4α	Decrease	Decrease	[74]
ER-α		-	Decrease	[9]
NF-κB		Decrease	Decrease	[119,120]
MAPK		Decrease	Decrease	[119,121]
TNF-α→ Hepatocystin → MAPK		Decrease	Decrease	[118]
TNF-α→ P22 → MAPK		Decrease	Decrease	[114]
IFN-γ		Decrease	Decrease	[117]
IL-6 → MAPK		Decrease	Decrease	[116]
miRNA-122		Decrease	Decrease	[124]
IL-4	C/EBP	Decrease	Decrease	[81]
IFN-γ		Decrease	Decrease	[117]
IL-6	HNF1α	Decrease	Decrease	[116]
miRNA-15b		Decrease	Increase	[122]
miRNA-372, miRNA-373	HNF1β	Decrease	Increase	[123]
TNF-α→ P22 → MAPK	HNF3β	Increase	Decrease	[114]
miRNA-26b	CHORDC1	Decrease	Decrease	[109]
miRNA-141	PPARα	Decrease	Decrease	[125]
NF-κB → miRNA-130a		Decrease	Decrease	[128]
miRNA-122	Cyclin G1	Decrease	Decrease	[90]
miRNA-501	HBXIP	Decrease	Increase	[128]
miRNA-155 → JAK/STAT	SOCS1	Decrease	Decrease	[129]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus.