Laparoscopic and robot-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer: Current considerations

Table 1 Randomized controlled trials comparing laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with open distal gastrectomy in the treatment early gastric cancer

Ref.	Year	Country	Patients (n)		Operative time1 (mean ± SD, min)			Blood loss1 (mean ± SD, mL)			Harvested nodes1 (mean ± SD, n)			Complications rate (%)			Hospital stay1 (mean ± SD, d)
			LDG	ODG	LDG	ODG	P value	LDG	ODG	P value	LDG	ODG	P value	LDG	ODG	P value	LDG	ODG	P value
Kitano et al[54]	2002	Japan	14	14	227 ± 7	171 ± 13	< 0.05	177 ± 30	258 ± 53	< 0.05	20.2 ± 3.6	24.9 ± 3.5	< 0.05	14.3	28.6	< 0.05	17.6 ± 2.6	16 ± 0.4	< 0.05
Fujii et al[55]	2003	Japan	10	10	225 ± 35	179 ± 37	< 0.05	134 ± 110	205 ± 75	< 0.05	NR	NR	-	2.0	2.0	NS	NR	NR	-
Hayashi et al[56]	2005	Japan	14	14	378 ± 97	235 ± 71	< 0.05	327 ± 245	489 ± 281	< 0.05	28 ± 14	27 ± 10	NS	28.6	57.1	< 0.05	12 ± 2	18 ± 6	< 0.05
Lee et al[57]	2005	South Korea	24	23	319 ± 16	235 ± 71	< 0.05	336 ± 180	294 ± 156	NS	31.8 ± 13.5	38.1 ± 15.9	< 0.05	12.5	43.5	< 0.05	11 ± 4	17 ± 15	< 0.05
Kim et al[58]	2008	South Korea	82	82	252 ± 48	170 ± 27	< 0.05	111 ± 85	267 ± 155	< 0.05	39 ± 11.9	45.1 ± 13.8	< 0.05	0.0	4.9	< 0.05	7.2 ± 1.4	8.6 ± 2	NS
Sakuramoto et al[59]	2013	Japan	31	32	182 ± 37	113 ± 21	< 0.05	64 ± 48	167 ± 135	< 0.05	31.6 ± 12.2	33.8 ± 13.4	NS	3.2	15.6	< 0.05	9.1 ± 1.1	10 ± 3.1	NS
Takiguchi et al[60]	2013	Japan	20	20	185 ± 23	119 ± 17	< 0.05	65 ± 51	180 ± 111	< 0.05	33.0 ± 13.7	32 ± 5.2	NS	0.0	10.0	< 0.05	10 ± 0.2	11 ± 0.7	NS

¹Mean value. LDG: Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy; ODG: Open distal gastrectomy; NS: Not statistically significant; NR: Not reported.

Table 2 Robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy series for treatment of gastric cancer

Ref.	Year	Country	Patients (n)	Resection type		Operative time1 (mean ± SD, min)	Blood loss1 (mean ± SD, mL)	Open conversion (%)	Harvested nodes1 (mean ± SD, n)	Morbidity (%)	Mortality (%)	Hospitalstaya(mean ± SD, d)
				Total	Subtotal
Anderson et al[10]	2007	United States	7	-	7	420 ± NR	300 ± NR	0	24 ± NR	11.1	0	4 ± NR
Patriti et al[9]	2008	Italy	13	4	9	286 ± 32.6	103 ± 87.5	0	28.1 ± 8.3	7.7	0	11.2 ± 4.3
Song et al[11]	2009	South Korea	100	33	67	231.3 ± 43.2	128.2 ± 217.5	0	36.7 ± NR	13.0	1	7.8 ± 17.1
Pugliese et al[66]	2010	Italy	16	-	16	344 ± 62	90 ± 48	12	25 ± 4.5	6.0	6	10 ± 3
Kim et al[107]	2010	South Korea	16	-	16	259.2 ± 38.9	30.3 ± 15.1	0	41.1 ± 10.9	0.0	0	5.1 ± 0.3
Eom et al[108]	2011	South Korea	30	-	30	229.1 ± NR	152.8 ± NR	0	30.2 ± NR	13.3	0	7.9 ± NR
Lee et al[109]	2011	South Korea	12	-	12	253.7 ± 53.0	135.8 ± 133.9	0	46.0 ± 25.5	8.3	0	6.6 ± 1.6
D’Annibale et al[110]	2011	Italy	24	11	13	267.5 ± NR	30 ± NR	0	28 ± NR	8.3	0	6 ± NR
Woo et al[106]	2011	South Korea	236	64	172	219.5 ± 46.8	91.6 ± 152.6	0	39.0 ± 15.2	11.0	0.4	7.7 ± 17.2
Caruso et al[111]	2011	Italy	29	12	17	290 ± 67	197.6 ± 202.1	0	28.0 ± 11.2	41.4 (13.8)2	0	9.6 ± 2.8
Isogaki et al[112]	2011	Japan	61	14	47	520 ± 177 TG	150 ± 234 TG	0	43 ± 14 TG	4.9	1.6	13.3 ± NR
						388 ± 85 SDG	61.8 ± 46.5 SDG		42 ± 18 SDG
Huang et al[113]	2012	Taiwan	39	7	32	430 ± NR	50 ± NR	0	32.0 ± 13.7	15.4	2.6	7 ± NR
Uyama et al[114]	2012	Japan	25	-	25	361 ± 58.1	51.8 ± 38.2	0	44.3 ± 18.4	8.0	0	12.1 ± NR
Kang et al[115]	2012	South Korea	100	16	84	202.05 ± 52.31	93.25 ± 84.59	0	NR	14.0	0	9.81 ± 12.16
Kim et al[116]	2012	South Korea	436	109	327	226 ± 54	85 ± 60	NR	40.2 ± 5.5	10.1	0.5	7.5 ± 13.7
Yoon et al[117]	2012	South Korea	36	36	-	305.8 ± 115.8	NR	0	42.8 ± 12.7	16.7	0	8.8 ± 3.3
Liu et al[42]	2013	China	104	54	50	272.52 ± 53.91	80.78 ± 32.37	2	23.1 ± 5.3	11.5	0	6.2 ± 2.5
Hyun et al[118]	2013	South Korea	38	9	29	234.4 ± 48.0	131.3 ± 10.1	0	32.8 ± 13.8	47.3 (13.1)2	0	10.5 ± 5.9
Park et al[119]	2013	South Korea	200	46	154	248.8 ± 55.6	146.1 ± 130.3	7	37.9 ± NR	10.0	0.5	8.0 ± 3.7
Son et al[120]	2014	South Korea	51	51	-	264.1 ± 46.7	163.4 ± 255.1	0	47.2 ± NR	15.7	1.9	8.6 ± NR
Junfeng et al[105]	2014	China	120	26	94	234.8 ± 42.4	118.3 ± 55.8	0	34.6 ± 10.9	5.8	0	7.8 ± 3.0
Shen et al[121]	2015	China	93	23	70	257.1 ± 74.5	176.6 ± 217.2	0	33 ± 8.5	9.8	NR	9.4 ± 7.5
Kim et al[122]	2016	South Korea	223	43	180	226 ± NR	50 ± NR	2	33 ± NR	13.5 (1.3)2	0	4 ± NR

¹Mean value;

²Total morbidity rate, including minor and major complications; between parenthesis major complications rate base on Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ 3, such as anastomotic and duodenal lekeage. NR: Not reported; TG: Total gastrectomy; SDG: Subtotal distal gastrectom.