Fatty liver index vs waist circumference for predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics and laboratory values of participants (mean ± SD)

Characteristics	Men (n = 2860)	Women (n = 2192)	P value
Age (yr)	44.77 ± 16.77	43.78 ± 15.43	0.0216
Weight (kg)	76.70 ± 15.05	72.60 ± 14.36	< 0.0001
Height (cm)	169.94 ± 8.02	156.40 ± 7.05	< 0.0001
WC (cm)	90.76 ± 12.32	91.55 ± 13.89	0.0199
DBP (mmHg)	76.61 ± 12.69	75.82 ± 13.05	0.0191
SBP (mmHg)	117.42 ± 15.76	115.42 ± 17.60	< 0.0001
MAP (mmHg)	90.22 ± 12.90	89.01 ± 13.62
BMI (kg/m2)			< 0.0001
mean ± SD	26.46 ± 4.60	29.65 ± 5.67
Prevalence of BMI ≥ 30 (%)	21.6 (20.2-23.0)	47.3 (45.4-49.3)
TG (mg/dL)	145.55 ± 98.25	141.12 ± 95.99	0.0966
HDL (mg/dL)	43.37 ± 11.48	46.42 ± 12.08	< 0.0001
Cholesterol	178.49 ± 41.95	189.47 ± 43.20	< 0.0001
ALT (U/L)	26.46 ± 19.04	19.59 ± 14.03	< 0.0001
AST (U/L)	23.98 ± 12.65	19.98 ± 9.71	< 0.0001
GGT (U/L)	29.90 ± 28.61	25.62 ± 21.64	< 0.0001
FBS	98.62 ± 29.86	103.98 ± 41.30	< 0.0001
Insulin (mU/L)	8.87 ± 6.74	10.36 ± 6.88	< 0.0001
HOMA-IR	2.19 ± 1.90	2.72 ± 2.45	< 0.0001
FLI	45.76 ± 28.93	52.24 ± 29.87	< 0.0001

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body Mass Index; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transferase; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; FLI: Fatty liver index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessments-insulin resistance; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation; TG: Triglyceride; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 2 Results of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis, including Wald tests, related P value, and odds ratios

Variables	Univariable logistic regression			Multivariable logistic regression
	Wald test	P value	Odds ratio and CI	Wald test	P value	Odds ratio
Age	408.6	< 0.001	1.037 (1.033-1.040)	56.700	< 0.001	1.022 (1.016-1.028)
Gender	9.828	0.002	1.183 (1.065-1.315)	9.020	0.003	0.764 (0.641-0.911)
MAP	476.4	< 0.001	1.052 (1.047-1.057)	9.225	0.002	1.011 (1.004-1.018)
HOMA-IR	364.3	< 0.001	1.408 (1.359-1.4457)	2.402	0.121	1.036 (0.991-1.084)
HDL	273.7	0.001	0.959 (0.954-0.964)	1.381	0.240	1.005 (0.997-1.013)
FLI	1148.9	< 0.001	1.061 (1.058-1.065)	722.5	< 0.001	1.058 (1.054-1.063)

CI: Confidence interval; FLI: Fatty liver index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessments- insulin resistance; MAP: Mean arterial pressure.

Table 3 Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and a high fatty liver index by sex and age groups

Population	Prevalence of NAFLD (%)	Prevalence of NAFLD High FLI1 (%)
Men
Total men (n = 2860)	40.1 (38.4-41.8)	48.1 (46.1-50.1)
18-39 (n = 1136)	27.3 (24.9-29.7)	37.6 (34.6-40.7)
40-59 (n =1124)	50.6 (47.8-53.3)	58.3 (55.2-61.5)
≥ 60 (600)	44.6 (40.9-48.3)	48.9 (44.6-53.2)
Women
Total women(n =2192)	44.2 (42.3-46.1)	50.2 (47.8-52.6)
18-39 (n = 902)	20.4 (17.9-22.9)	28.4 (24.9-31.8)
40-59 (n = 900)	59.4 (56.4-62.4)	63.3 (59.7-66.9)
≥ 60 (390)	64.1 (59.6-68.5)	66.4 (61.3-71.5)

¹Prevalence of a high FLI based on cutoff points of 46.9 for men and 53.8 for women. FLI: Fatty liver index; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.