Risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: A meta-analysis

Table 1 American Diabetes Association Criteria for diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance

	Terminology
FPG (mg/dL)	< 100	Normal
	100-125	IFG
	> 126	Diabetes mellitus
2-h glucose after 75 g oral glucose load	< 140	Normal
	140-199	IGT
	> 200	Diabetes mellitus

FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance.

Table 2 Newcastle-Ottawa scoring system for cohort studies

Study	Selection score	Comparability score	Outcome score	Total score
Saliba et al[1]	4	2	3	9
Parolin et al[14]	3	1	3	7
Baid et al[10]	3	2	3	8
Schmilovitz et al[21]	3	1	3	7
Moon et al[6]	4	1	2	7
Kishi et al[22]	4	2	3	9
Khalili et al[13]	3	2	3	7
Yoshida et al[15]	3	2	3	8
Gelley et al[23]	3	2	3	8
Dehghan et al[17]	4	2	2	8
Harada et al[24]	3	2	2	7
Anderson et al[25]	3	1	3	7
Ling et al[26]	3	2	2	7
Zhao et al[27]	3	2	1	6
Sánchez-Pérez et al[28]	3	2	3	7
Mirabella et al[5]	3	2	3	8
Driscoll et al[29]	3	1	3	7
Honda et al[3]	3	2	3	8
Carey et al[2]	4	1	3	8

Table 3 Baseline characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Year	Country	Total number	NODM	Follow-up	Reference number
Saliba et al[1]	2007	France	211	48	6-24 mo	1
Parolin et al[14]	2004	Brazil	82	15	≥ 1 yr	14
Baid et al[10]	2001	United States	136	52	> 6 mo	10
Schmilovitz et al[21]	2003	Israel	91	27	> 6 mo	21
Moon et al[6]	2006	United States	619	392	6-122 mo	6
Kishi et al[22]	2006	Japan	205	71	> 6 mo	22
Khalili et al[13]	2004	United States	555	209	1.6-6.8 yr	13
Yoshida et al[15]	2013	Canada	280	89	> 6 mo	15
Gelley et al[23]	2011	Hungary	206	63	> 6 mo	23
Dehghan et al[17]	2008	Iran	170	44	6-156 > 6 mo	17
Harada et al[24]	2013	Japan	331	128	3.8-11.2 yr	24
Anderson et al[25]	2009	United States	45	11	6 mo	25
Ling et al[26]	2013	China	125	25	6-61 mo	26
Zhao et al[27]	2009	China	66	11	3-38 mo	27
Sánchez-Pérez et al[28]	2008	Spain	127	13	> 6 mo	28
Mirabella et al[5]	2005	India	830	90	> 10 mo	5
Driscoll et al[29]	2006	United States	115	36	12 mo	29
Honda et al[3]	2013	Japan	161	22	> 3 mo	3
Carey et al[2]	2012	United States	225	39	≥ 1 yr	2

NODM: New-onset diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Baseline characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Study year	Study design	Risk factors
Saliba et al[1]	2003.10-2004.6	Retrospective	BMI, HCV, IFG, immunosuppression
Parolin et al[14]	2004.1-2004.6	Retrospective	Gender, BMI, HCV, a family history of diabetes, alcohol
Baid et al[10]	1991.1-1998.10	Retrospective	HCV
Schmilovitz et al[21]	1992-2002	Retrospective	Gender, HCV, alcohol, immunosuppression, HBV
Moon et al[6]	1996.1-2004.10	Retrospective	Gender, HCV
Kishi et al[22]	1996.1-2005.1	Retrospective	HCV
Khalili et al[13]	1990-1994	Retrospective	HCV
Yoshida et al[15]	1996.1-2006.10	Retrospective	Immunosuppression
Gelley et al[23]	1995-2009	Retrospective	HCV
Dehghan et al[17]	1994-2006	Retrospective	Gender, HCV, BMI, immunosuppression, HBV
Harada et al[24]	1996.1-2011.1	Retrospective	Gender, HCV, alcohol, HBV
Anderson et al[25]	2004.1-2005.10	Retrospective	Gender, HCV, BMI, a family history of diabetes, alcohol, HBV
Ling et al[26]	2006.11-2009.7	Retrospective	Gender, BMI, HBV
Zhao et al[27]	2001-2008.3	Retrospective	Gender, IFG, a family history of diabetes, immunosuppression, HBV
Sánchez-Pérez et al[28]	1997.3-2001.10	Retrospective	Immunosuppression
Mirabella et al[5]	NR	Retrospective	HCV
Driscoll et al[29]	1998.1-2001.8	Retrospective	CMV, gender, BMI, HCV, a family history of diabetes, immunosuppression
Honda et al[3]	1998.12-2011.10	Retrospective	CMV, gender, HCV, BMI, a family history of diabetes
Carey et al[2]	1999.6-2008.2	Retrospective	Gender, BMI, HCV, IFG, a family history of diabetes, alcohol, immunosuppression

NR: Not reported; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 5 Subgroup analysis

Risk factor	Subgroup	Studies, n	Effect estimate (95%CI)	P value	Heterogeneity
HCV	United States	5	2.29 (1.19-4.41)	< 0.01	P = 0.004, I2 = 74%
	Other	9	2.96 (2.11-4.15)	< 0.01	P = 0.06, I2 = 46%
	Overall	14	2.68 (1.92-3.72)	< 0.01	P = 0.004, I2 = 65%
HBV	Published before 2010	4	1.61 (0.94-2.78)	0.08	P = 0.23, I2 = 30%
	Published after 2010	2	0.59 (0.35-1.00)	0.05	P = 0.61, I2 = 0%
	Overall	6	1.04 (0.54-2.00)	0.9	P = 0.04, I2 = 57%

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.