Helicobacter pylori infection: Host immune response, implications on gene expression and microRNAs

Table 1 MicroRNAs involved in Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammatory and carcinogenic processes

miRNAs	Regulation	Targets and action	Ref.
let-7b	Down	TLR4, NF-κB, COX-2, Cyclin D1, IL1BInitiation of immune response	[128,129]
has-miR-17	ND	ND	[130]
hsa-miR-21	Up	RECK, TGFBR1, TGFBR2Promotes proliferation, migration and invasion, inhibits apoptosis	[123,130]
hsa-miR-25	Up	ND	[130]
has-miR-93	Up	ND	[130]
has-miR-103	Down	TNFαND	[128]
hsa-miR-146a	Up	IRAK1, CARD10, COPS8, PTGS2Inhibits tumor-promotes cytokines and growth factors	[131,132]
hsa-miR-155	Up	SMAD2Attenuation of the inflammatory response	[133]
hsa-miR-194	Up	NDND	[130]
hsa-miR-196	Up	ND	[130]
hsa-miR-200b	Up	ZEB1Promotes EMT	[60]
has-miR-200c	Up	ZEB1, IL6ND	[60,128]
has-miR-222	Up	RECKPromotes cell proliferation	[134]
has-miR-223	Up	IL6, IL1B, ND	[135,136]
hsa-miR-370	Down	FoxM1Promotes proliferation	[137]
has-miR-371-5p	Down	LATS2Inhibits cell cycle progression	[138]
has-miR-372	Down	LATS2Inhibits cell cycle progression	[138]
has-miR-373	Down	LATS2Inhibits cell cycle progression	[138]
hsa-miR-375	Down	IL8ND	[128]
has-miR-449b	Down	MET, GMNN, CCNE2, SIRT1, HDAC1Promotes proliferationInhibits senescence and apoptosis	[139]
has-miR-584	Up	PPP2a, Foxa1Promotes EMT and stem cells differentiation	[140]
hsa-miR-1290	Up	NKRF, Foxa1Promotes EMT and stem cells differentiation	[140]

EMT: Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions; ND: Not determined (in gastric mucosa); NF: Nuclear factor; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.