Perioperative restricted fluid therapy preserves immunological function in patients with colorectal cancer

Table 1 Perioperative fluid regimens

Perioperative period	Restricted fluid	Standard fluid
Preloading of epidural analgesia	No preloading	500 mL 6% HAES
During the operation	7 mL/kg RL in first hour; 5 mL/kg per hour RL in following hours	12 mL/kg per hour RL
Remainder of the operation day	1000 mL 5% glucose (with potassium if needed)	12 mL/kg per hour RL
Days following operation	1000-1500 mL crystalloid	2000-2500 mL crystalloid

HAES: Hydroxyethyl starch; RL: Lactated Ringer’s solution.

Table 2 Baseline and surgical characteristics of the patients in the two study groups

	Restricted fluid (n = 89)	Standard fluid (n = 96)	P value
Age (yr)	64.7 ± 16.8	65.4 ± 17.6	0.78
Male/Female	50/39	56/40	0.77
Body mass index	21.9 ± 4.2	22.3 ± 3.8	0.50
ASA grade			0.98
I	29	30
II	37	41
III	23	25
Dukes stage			0.61
A	9	8
B	54	65
C	26	23
Comorbidity			0.78
Cardiovascular diseases	46	43
Pulmonary diseases	11	14
Other diseases	16	15
Smokers	21	19	0.53
Site of surgery			0.81
Colon	59	62
Rectum	30	34
Type of surgery			0.38
Laparoscopic	27	35
Open	62	61
Stoma	12	15	0.68
Blood loss (mL)	120 ± 46	133 ± 62	0.11
Length of operation (min)	146 ± 52	154 ± 48	0.28

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 3 Postoperative complications of the patients in the two study groups n (%)

	Restricted fluid (n = 89)	Standard fluid (n = 96)	P value
Patients with major surgical complications	5 (5.6)	13 (14.6)	0.069
Total major surgical complications	7	19
Sepsis/shock	2	5	0.29
Anastomotic bleeding	1	3	0.62
Anastomotic leakage	2	8	0.10
Peritonitis without leakage	1	1	1.00
Patients with minor surgical complication	22 (24.7)	38 (39.6)	0.03
Total minor surgical complications	25	44
Wound dehiscence, infection, haematoma	13	15	0.85
Blood transfusion	7	18	0.03
Patients with organ-specific complications	21 (23.6)	30 (31.3)	0.24
Total organ-specific complications	28	34
Urinary tract infection	5	10	0.23
Heart insufficiency	8	1	0.02
Respiratory insufficiency	1	1	1.00
Renal insufficiency	3	0	0.11
Cognitive disorder	3	7	0.34
Total postoperative complications	60	97
Total patients with complications	36 (40.4)	59 (61.5)	< 0.01