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Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2014; 20(39): 14359-14370
Published online Oct 21, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14359
Table 1 Use of robotics in rectal cancer surgery (case series, comparative, and randomized studies)
Ref.YearCountryStudy designSurgical techniqueNumber of patientsNeoadjuvant treatmentTME operation
Anterior resectionIntersphincteric resectionAbdomino- perineal resection
Hellan et al[28]2007United StatesCase seriesHybrid393322116
Choi et al[29]2009KoreaCase seriesHybrid13NA13
Choi et al[19]2009KoreaCase seriesTotally robotic50NA4082
Ng et al[30]2009SingaporeCase seriesHybrid8NA8
deSouza et al[31]2010United StatesCase seriesHybrid44313068
Pigazzi et al[32]2010United States, Italy, KoreaCase seriesHybrid14393803231
Baek et al[33]2010United StatesCase seriesHybrid6455341812
Zimmern et al[34]2010United StatesCase seriesHybrid58234711
Kang et al[20]2011KoreaCase seriesTotally robotic269722654
Hybrid1201182
Koh et al[35]2011SingaporeCase seriesHybrid192181
Leong et al[21]2011KoreaCase seriesTotally robotic291129
Marecik et al[36]2011United StatesCase seriesHybrid545
Alimoglu et al[24]2012TurkeyCase seriesTotally robotic747
Kang et al[37]2012United StatesCase seriesHybrid656
Karahasanoglu et al[38]2012TurkeyCase seriesHybrid307273
Park et al[39]2012United StatesCase seriesHybrid30205196
Du et al[40]2013ChinaCase seriesHybrid22NA22
Pigazzi et al[41]2006United StatesComparativeHybrid626
Baik et al[18]2008KoreaRandomizedHybrid18018
Patriti et al[42]2009ItalyComparativeHybrid29729
Baik et al[43]2009KoreaComparativeHybrid56556
Bianchi et al[22]2010ItalyComparativeTotally robotic2513187
Popescu et al[44]2010RomaniaComparativeHybrid38NA3008
Kim et al[23]2010KoreaComparativeTotally robotic10014100
Park et al[45]2010KoreaComparativeHybrid41142912
Park et al[46]2011KoreaComparativeHybrid521252
Baek et al[47]2011United StatesComparativeHybrid41333326
Kwak et al[48]2011KoreaComparativeHybrid598545
Kim et al[25]2012KoreaComparativeTotally robotic100345545
Park et al[49]2013KoreaComparativeHybrid403240
Kang et al[26]2013KoreaComparativeTotally robotic16539165
D’Annibale et al[27]2013ItalyComparativeTotally robotic503450
Table 2 Use of robotics in rectal cancer surgery - clinical outcomes
Ref.Type of procedureNumber of patientsMean operating time (min)Estimated blood loss (mL)Length of stay (d)Conversion rate (%)Overall complication rateAnastomotic complications
Hellan et al[28]RTME39285 (180-540)200 (25-6000)42.612.8%12.1%
Choi et al[29]RTME13260 (210-390)NA7023%7.7%
Choi et al[19]RTME50304 (190-405)NA9.2 (5-24)018%8.3%
Ng et al[30]RTME8192 (145-2500NA5 (4-30)00%0%
deSouza et al[31]RTME44347 (155-510)250 (50-1000)5 (3-36)4.54.5%4.5%
Pigazzi et al[32]RTME143297 (90-660)283 (0-6000)8.3 (2-33)4.941.3%10.5%
Baek et al[33]RTME64270 (150-540)200 (20-6000)5 (2-33)9.435.9%7.7%
Zimmern et al[34]RTME5835025061.724.1%3.4%
Kang et al[20]RTME389305.4 ± 111.5/ 339.3 ± 127.41NA8.7 ± 3.0/ 17.6 ± 13.310/1119%7%
Koh et al[35]RTME19316 (232-444)NA6.4 (3-21)014.3%0%
Leong et al[21]RTME29325 (235-435)50 (50-1000)9 (5-15)010.3%31%
Marecik et al[36]RTME5343 (270-442)230 (100-400)5.8 (5-7)020%0%2
Alimoglu et al[24]RTME7NANA8.1 (5-10)028.6%0%2
Kang et al[37]RTME6335 (267-452)250 (150-400)5 (4-7)050%0%2
Karahasanoglu et al[38]RTME22270 (175-480)50 (20-100)4 (4-20)013.3%3.3%
RPME8
Park et al[39]RTME30369 (306-410)100 (75-200)4 (3-6)036.6%4.2%
Du et al[40]RTME22220 (152-286)33 (10-70)7.8 (7-13)04.5%0%
Pigazzi et al[41]RTME6264 (192-318)1044.5 (3-11)016.6%0%
LTME6258 (198-312)1503.6 (3-6)016.6%0%
Baik et al[18]RTME18203 (149-315)NA7 (5-10)4022.2%0%
LTME18196 (114-297)NA9 (6-12)411.15.5%0%
Patriti et al[42]RTME29202 ± 12137 ± 15611.9 (6-29)0430.6%6.8%
LTME37208 ± 7127 ± 1699.6 (5-37)18.9418.9%2.7%
Baik et al[43]RTME56178 (120-315)NA5 (5-10)4045.4%41.7%
LTME57179 (100-360)NA6 (4-16)410.5419.3%47%
Bianchi et al[22]RTME25240 (170-420)NA6.5 (4-15)016%4%
LTME25237 (170-545)NA6 (4-20)424%8%
Popescu et al[44]RTME38208 (180-300)410048.1 ± 4.55.215.7%5.2%
LTME84182 (140-220)415048.4 ± 3.510.515.3%7.1%
Kim et al[23]RTME100385.3 ± 102.64NA11.7 ± 6.7220%8.2%
LTME100297.3 ± 83.74NA14.4 ± 10327%11.1%
Park et al[45]RTME41231.9 ± 61.44NA9.9019.3%9.7%
LTME82168.6 ± 49.34NA9.4029.3%7.3%
Park et al[46]RTME52233 ± 52.4NA10 ± 19.2010%9.6%
LTME123158 ± 49.2NA15 ± 12.2015%5.6%
Baek et al[47]RTME41296 (150-520)200 (20-2000)6.5 (2-33)7.322%8.6%
LTME41315 (174-584)300 (17-1000)6.6 (3-20)2226.8%2.9%
Kwak et al[48]RTME59270 (241-325)4NANA032.2%13.5%
LTME59228 (177-254)4NANA3.427.1%10.1%
Kim et al[25]RTME100188 ± 454NA7.1 ± 2.1026%2%
OTME100103 ± 234NA6.9 ± 1.50327%4%
Park et al[49]RTME40235.5 ± 57.5445.7 ± 4010.6 ± 4.2015%7.5%
LTME40185.4 ± 72.8459.2 ± 35.811.3 ± 3.6012.5%5%
Kang et al[26]RTME165309.7 ± 115.24133 ± 192.3410.8 ± 5.540.620.6%7.3%
LTME165277.8 ± 81.94140.1 ± 216.4413.5 ± 9.241.827.9%10.8%
OTME165252.6 ± 88.14275.4 ± 368.8416 ± 8.640324.8%3.4%
D’Annibale et al[27]RTME50270 (240-315)NA8 (7-11)010%10%
LTME50280 (240-350)NA10 (8-14)1222%14%
Table 3 Use of robotics in rectal cancer surgery - immediate oncological outcomes
Ref.Type of procedureNumber of patientsPositivity of circumferential resection margin (%)Distal resectionmargins, cmMean/median number of lymph nodes harvested
Hellan et al[28]RTME3902.6 (0.4-7.5)13 (7-28)
Choi et al[29]RTME1304.7 ± 1.824.6 ± 16.7
Choi et al[19]RTME5021.9 ± 1.120.6 ± 10
Ng et al[30]RTME80> 215 (2-26)
deSouza et al[31]RTME440NA14 (5-45)
Pigazzi et al[32]RTME1430.72.9 ± 1.814.1 (1-39)
Baek et al[33]RTME6403.4 (0.2-10)14.5 (3-28)
Zimmern et al[34]RTME58NANA11.8-15.3
Kang et al[20]RTME3893.6NA15.7 ± 10
Koh et al[35]RTME195.30.8-117.8 ± 7.1
Leong et al[21]RTME296.80.8 (0-4)16 (1-44)
Marecik et al[36]RTME50-112.4
Alimoglu et al[24]RTME70-116 (14-21)
Kang et al[37]RTME60-120 (7-58)
Karahasanoglu et al[38]RTME3004 (2-8)15 (3-38)
Park et al[39]RTME300NA20 (14-25)
Du et al[40]RTME2202.6 (1-5.5)14.3 (8-27)
Pigazzi et al[41]RTME6NA3.8 (1.8-9)14 (9-28)
LTME6NA3.5 (2.2-5)17 (9-39)
Baik et al[18]RTME18NA4.0 ± 1.118 (6-49)
LTME18NA3.7 ± 1.122 (9-42)
Patriti et al[42]RTME2902.1 ± 0.910.3 ± 4
LTME3704.5 ± 7.211.2 ± 5
Baik et al[43]RTME567.24 (1-7)17.5 (4-43)
LTME578.83 (1-9)17 (4-53)
Bianchi et al[22]RTME2502 (1.5-4.5)18 (7-34)
LTME2542 (1.8-3.5)17 (8-37)
Popescu et al[44]RTME38NANegative11.7 ± 3.8
LTME84NANegative11.1 ± 3.2
Kim et al[23]RTME10032.7 ± 1.914.7 ± 9.7
LTME10022.6 ± 1.816.6 ± 9.1
Park et al[45]RTME411.22.1 ± 1.417.3 ± 7.7
LTME827.32.3 ± 1.514.2 ± 8.9
Park et al[46]RTME521.92.8 ± 1.919.4 ± 10.2
LTME1232.43.2 ± 2.115.9 ± 10.1
Baek et al[47]RTME414.93.6 (0.4-10)13.1 (3-33)
LTME412.43.8 (0.4-11)16.2 (3-33)
Kwak [48]RTME591.72.2 (1.5-3)20 (12-27)
LTME5902 (1.2-3.5)21 (14-28)
Kim et al[25]RTME10012.7 ± 1.7220 ± 6.9
OTME10011.9 ± 1.3219.6 ± 8.5
Park et al[49]RTME407.51.4 ± 0.912.9 ± 7.5
LTME4051.3 ± 0.913.3 ± 8.6
Kang et al[26]RTME1654.221.9 ± 1.415 ± 9.4
LTME1656.722 ± 1.415.6 ± 9.1
OTME16510.322.2 ± 1.717.4 ± 10.9
D’Annibale et al[27]RTME50023 (2-7)16.5 (11-44)
LTME501223 (1-6)13.8 (4-29)