Primary sclerosing cholangitis as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer in the context of inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the literature

Table 1 Summary of studies investigating colorectal cancer as a risk factor in patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease

Ref.	Location	IBD-PSC patients (n)	Colorectal neoplasms (n)	Matched controls?	Study type	Is IBD-PSC a risk for CRC?
[24]	The Netherlands	IBD (126)	CRC (16)	No	Retrospective	Yes
[9]	Belgium	IBD (107)	CRC (10)	No	Retrospective	Yes
[12]	Sweden	IBD (152)	CRC/Dys (3)	No	Retrospective	No
[31]	Germany	IBD (120)	CRC (7)	No	Prospective	Only with dominant stenosis
[28]	Argentina	UC (39)	CRC (7)	Yes	Prospective	Yes
[30]	United States	UC (50)	N/S	Yes	Retrospective	No
[32]	Sweden	CD (28)	CRC/Dys (9)	Yes	Retrospective	Yes
[33]	United Kingdom	CD (35)	Dys (1)	No	Retrospective	No

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; Dys: Dysplasia; N/S: Not specified; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 2 Summary of studies investigating the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid a chemopreventive agent in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients with concurrent inflammatory bowel disease

Ref.	Location	UDCA (n)	CRN incidence UDCA (n)	No UDCA (n)	CRN incidence no UDCA (n)	Study type	Is UDCA chemopreventive?
[36]	United States	29	3	23	8	RCT	Yes
[37]	United States	28	3	92	13	Retrospective	No
[38]	Sweden	37	13	40	15	RCT	No
[39]	United States	25	9	31	3	RCT	No-high dose UDCA
[40]	Germany	120	7	N/A	N/A	Prospective	No-short term; yes-long term

CRN: Colorectal neoplasm (dysplasia and cancer); RCT: Randomised controlled trial; N/A: Not applicable; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.