Molecular confocal laser endomicroscopy: A novel technique for in vivo cellular characterization of gastrointestinal lesions

Table 1 Different techniques used for confocal laser endomicroscopy in the gastrointestinal tract

Ref.	Design	No	Target	Composite	Administration	CLE system
Hsiung et al[11]	In vivo	26	Colorectal adenomas	Fluorescein-labelled septapeptides	Topical	Probe-based
Foersch et al[18]	Animal, and ex vivo	25 and 14	CRC	Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled VEGF-antibodies	Intravenous and topical	Endoscope-based
Goetz et al[10]	Animal and ex vivo	68 and 16	CRC	FITC-labelled anti-EGFR-antibodies	Intravenous and topical	Endoscope-based
Foersch et al[37]	Animal and ex vivo	12 and 4	CRC	Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled bevacizumab	Intravenous and topical	Endoscope-based
Liu et al[23]	In vivo	37	CRC and adenomas	Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled anti-EGFR-antibodies	Topical	Endoscope-based
Cârţână et al[27]	Ex vivo	4	CRC	Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled anti-CD31-antibodies	Topical	Endoscope-based
Nakai et al[19]	Animal	2	Healthy esophageal and gastric mucosa	Fluorescein conjugated anti-EGFR-antibodies and anti-survivin-antibodies	Submucosal or topical	Probe-based
Hoetker et al[32]	Animal	26	Gastric cancer	FITC-labelled anti-EGFR1-antibodies or Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled cetuximab	Intravenous	Endoscope-based
Nakai et al[20]	Animal	2	Healthy pancreas	FITC-labelled anti-EGFR1-antibodies or Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled cetuximab	Intravital	Needle-based
Atreya et al[34]	In vivo	25	Colonic mucosa in Crohn’s disease	FITC-labelled adalimumab	Topical	Endoscope-based
Neumann et al[26]	Ex vivo	2	Colonic mucosa in Clostridium difficile associated colitis	Fluorescein-labelled Clostridium difficile specific probe	Topical	Endoscope-based
Li et al[22]	Animal and ex vivo	20 and 23	Gastric cancer	Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled anti-MG7-Ag-antibodies	Intracardial and topical	Endoscope-based
Goetz et al[33]	Animal	44	CRC	FITC-labelled anti-EGFR-antibodies or Alexa-Fluor 488-labelled cetuximab	Intravenous	Endoscope-based
Neumann et al[25]	Ex vivo	N/A	Barrett’s esophagus	FITC-labelled Muc2-antibodies	Topical	N/A
Sturm et al[12]	In vivo	25	Barrett’s esophagus	FITC-labelled peptides	Topical	Probe-based

CRC: Colorectal carcinomas; FLUOS: 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; N/A: Not available; CLE: Confocal laser endomicroscopy.