New determinants of prognosis in bacterial infections in cirrhosis

Table 1 Prevalence, clinical impact and risk factors of multiresistant bacterial infections around the world

Ref.	Infections	Prevalence of MR bacteria	Risk factors	Clinical impact
Song et al[14], 2006 South Korea	SBP	29% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: 14% in community-acquired, 67% in nosocomial episodes	No data	No impact
Angeloni et al[61], 2008 Italy	SBP	8% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	Healthcare-associated infections	Higher initial treatment failure No impact on mortality
Umgelter et al[20], 2009 Germany	SBP	10% VSE, 1% Pseudomonas aeruginosa	No data	Higher initial treatment failure Higher hospital mortality
Piroth et al[19], 2009 France	SBP and bacterioascites	8% MRSA 5% VSE 4% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	No data	No data
Cheong et al[13], 2009 South Korea	SBP	15% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	Previous exposition to β-lactams Nosocomial infection	Independent predictor of 30-d mortality
Song et al[12], 2009 South Korea	SBP	4%-7.5% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	Recent hospital stay Previous SBP Antibiotic treatment in the last month	Higher initial treatment failure Higher hospital and 30-d mortality
Merli et al[16], 2010 Italy	All	20% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 7% MRSA	Antibiotic treatment in the last month HCA infection	Higher hospital mortality
Ariza et al[17], 2012 Spain	SBP	6% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 2% Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2% Acinetobacter baumannii 1% VSE	Nosocomial infection Previous exposition to β-lactams Diabetes mellitus Upper gastrointestinal bleeding	Independent predictor of mortality at 30 d
Fernández et al[5], 2012 Spain	All	8%-9% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3%-4% MRSA 3%-7% VSE	Nosocomial infection Long-term norfloxacin prophylaxis Treatment with β-lactams in the last 3 mo MR bacteria in the last 6 mo	Lower infection resolution Higher risk of septic shock Higher hospital mortality
Novovic et al[21], 2012 Denmark	SBP	1% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 12% VSE-VRE	No data	Higher hospital mortality
Tandon et al[22], 2012 United States	All	9% VRE 6.5% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 5% MRSA	Systemic antibiotics in the past 30 d Nosocomial infection	No data

ESBL: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (bacteria with chromosomal β-lactamases are also included); MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VSE: Vancomycin-susceptible enterococci; VRE: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.