Hepatitis B virus infection in Latin America: A genomic medicine approach

Table 1 Nucleotide divergence over the complete genome among hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H

Cluster	HMEX	HUSA	HSA	Hnon-Hispanic
F1a	8.63	8.89	8.70	8.51
	(8.11-9.9)	(8.16-9.5)	(8.5-8.8)	(8.22-8.91)
F1b	8.63	8.88	8.59	8.49
	(8.22-10.1)	(8.04-9.86)	(8.19-9.39)	(8.04-9.31)
F2	8.07	8.83	8.77	7.9
	(7.59-9.66)	(8.04-9.86)	(8.09-8.24)	(7.66-8.48)
F3	7.84	7.76	7.94	7.69
	(7.17-9.91)	(7.28-8.94)	(7.24-8.97)	(7.24-8.82)
F4	8.36	8.66	8.50	8.29
	(7.77-10.40)	(7.84-9.98)	(8.06-9.34)	(7.91-9.33)

Evolutionary distances between nucleotide sequences of 61 hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes calculated in accordance with the Gen Bank database. Values correspond to mean percentage of genetic distances of pair-wise analysis. Values in parentheses indicate ranges (bootstrap value 1000; Kimura two parameter method). H_MEX, H_USA, H_SA, H_non-Hispanic, refer to isolates of HBV genotype H from Mexico, United States, South America and Asian subjects, respectively in compliance with Figure 1. MEX: Mexico; SA: South America.

Table 2 Hepatitis B virus genotypes, clinical and serological characteristics and type of liver damage in South America n (%)

Ref.	Country	Study population	n	HBsAg	Anti-HBc	HBV genotypes1							Diagnosis
				Positive		A	B	C	D	F	G	H
Cortes-Mancera et al[130], 2011	Colombia	Patients with end-stage liver disease	131	14 (11)	6 (5)	-	-	-	-	7 (100)	-	-	Cirrhosis in 71%
										F1a, F3			HCC in 12%;
													Cirrhosis and HCC in 17%
Devesa et al[131], 2008		HBV-infected patients	100	NA	NA	2 (2)	-	2 (2)	8 (8)	86 (86)	2 (2)	-	NA
										F3
Alvarado Mora et al[58], 2011		Blood donors	143	143 (100)	NA	8 (15)	-	-	-	40 (77)	8 (15)	-	NA
Nakano et al[134], 2001	Venezuela	Amerindian	12	12 (100)	NA	-	-	-	-	12 (100)	-	-	CH in 33%
Quintero et al[132], 2002		Afro-Venezuelan	222	8 (4)	NA	3 (50)	-	-	-	3 (50)	-	-	CH in 100%
Gutierrez et al[138], 2004		Blood donors	258	2 (0.8)	258 (100)	1 (9)	-	-	7 (64)	3 (27)	-	-	OHB in 4.3%; Rare severe liver disease
Kato et al[123], 2005		HBV-infected patients	2	NA	NA	-	-	-	-	2 (100)	-	-	AH in 100%
										F1
Devesa et al[131], 2008		Amerindian	89	NA	NA	3 (3)	-	-	5 (6)	81 (91)	-	-	NA
										F1; F2a; F2b; F3
Cardona et al[135], 2011		Amerindian	70	2 (3)	25 (36)	-	-	-	-	25 (100)	-	-	OHB in 34%;
										F3
Palumbo et al[133], 2007	Ecuador	Immigrants in Italy	2	2 (100)	0 (0)	2 (100)	-	-	-	-	-	-	CH in 100%
Casey et al[139], 1996	Peru	Military personnel	84	77 (88)	84 (95)	-	-	-	-	15 (100)	-	-	CH in 68%
Von Meltzer et al[140], 2008		HBV-infected patients	9	9 (100)	NA	-	-	-	-	9 (9)	-	-	CH in 100%
										F1b
Sitnik et al[143], 2004	Brazil	HBV-infected patients	103	103 (100)	NA	51 (49)	3 (3)	14 (14)	25 (24)	10 (10)	-	-	CH in 100%
Palumbo et al[133], 2007		Immigrants in Italy	12	12 (100)	0 (0)	3 (25)	-	-	9 (75)	-	-	-	CH in 100%
Bertolini et al[144], 2012		Blood donors	228	228 (100)	NA	32 (14)	-	3 (1)	189 (83)	3 (1)	-	1 (0.4)	NA
						A1, A2				F2a, F4
Mello et al[102], 2013		HBV-infected patients	12	NA	NA	-	-	-	-	12 (100) F2a, F1b, F4	-	-	NA
Eloy et al[145], 2013		HBV-infected patients	119	80 (100)	80 (100)	74 (92)	-	4 (5)	1 (1)	1 (1)	-	-	Asymp in 70; AH in 2%; CH in 28%
Araujo et al[146], 2013		HBV/HIV-coinfected patients	1	1 (100)	1 (100)	-	-	-	-	1 (100)	1	-	CH in 100%
										F4	-100
Khan et al[147], 2008	Bolivia	Japanese immigrants	287	10 (8)	NA	-	1 (1)	5 (50)	-	4 (4)	-	-	NA
							Ba	C2
Khan et al[147], 2008		Native population	200	12 (6)	NA	-	1 (8)	3 (25)	-	8 (68); F4	-	-	NA
Di Lello et al[141], 2009,	Chile	HBV-infected patients	40	NA	NA	3 (7)	2 (5)	3 (7)	-	27 (67)	-	-	NA
Venegas et al[142],2011		HBV-infected patients	21	21 (100)	21 (100)	-	-	-	-	21 (100)	-	-	CH in 100%
										F1b
Solari et al[149], 2009	Argentina	HBV-infected patients	21	21 (100)	-	8 (38)	3 (14)	-	3 (14)	7 (33)	-	-	CH in 100%
Pezzano et al[150], 2011		HBV-infected patients	139	128 (100)	128 (100)	22 (28)	1 (0.8)	3 (2)	28 (22)	60 (47)	-	-	AH in 37%; CH in 63%
Trinks et al[148], 2012		HBV-infected patients	33	33 (100)	33 (100)	15 (45) A1, A2	-	-	2 (6)	13 (39)	-	-	CH in 100%
									D1	F1b, F4
Barbini et al[101], 2013		HBV-infected patients	29	29 (100)	29 (100)	4 (14) A2	-	-	2 (7) D2, D3	20 (62)	2 (7)	-	CH in 100%
										F1b, F4
Araujo et al[146], 2013		HBV/HIV-coinfected patients	1	1 (100)	1 (100)	-	-	-	-	1 (100); F1b	1	-	CH in 100%
											-100

¹The percentage of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes is according to the number of samples that were sequenced. Subgenotypes are reported. NA: Not available; Asymp: Asymptomatic; AH: Acute hepatitis; CH: Chronic hepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; OHB: Occult hepatitis B.

Table 3 Hepatitis B virus genotypes, clinical and serological characteristics and type of liver damage in Mexico and Central America n (%)

Ref.	Country	Study population	n	HBsAg	Anti-HBc	HBV genotypes1								Diagnosis
				Positive		A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H
Sanchez et al[107], 2002	Mexico	HBV-infected adults	15	13 (87)	6 (40)	3 (20)	-	-	1 (7)	-	10 (67)	1 (7)	-	AH in 30%;
														CH in 27%;
														cirrhosis in 7%.
Sanchez et al[50], 2007		HBV-infected patients	67	67 (100)	NA	10 (15)	-	-	4 (6)			4 (6)	44 (66)	AH in 15%;
														CH in 48%
Ruiz-Tachiquin et al[151], 2007		Blood donors and HBV-infected patients	33	33 (100)	NA	-	-	4 (12)			1 (3)	-	26 (79)	Asymp in 64%; CH in 36%
Roman et al[98], 2010		Native adults	306	17 (5.6)	100 (32.7)	6 (24)	1 (4)	2 (8)	4 (16)		-	1 (4)	11 (44)	OHB in 14.2%; asymp in 100%
Arauz-Ruiz et al[115], 1997	Central America:	HBV-infected patients, blood donors and pregnant woman	330	330 (100)	71 (21)	13 (14)	-	1 (1)	5 (6)		71 (79)	-		CH in 21%;
	Costa Rica, Nicaragua,										F1a; F1b; F2			AH in 16%
	Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala
Leon et al[122], 2005	Costa Rica	HBV-infected patients	50	32 (64)	18 (36)	-	-	-	2 (4)	-	48 (96)	-		CH in 47%;
														HCC in 16%
Kato et al[123], 2005	Panama	HBV-infected patients	2	NA	NA	-	-	-	-		2 (100)	-	-	NA
											F1, F3
Martinez et al[124], 2013		Chinese residents	320	42 (13)		-	11 (61)	7 (39)	-	-	-	-	-	No evident liver disease
							B2	C1
Andernach et al[125], 2009	Haití	Pregnant woman	320	320 (100)		128 (71)	-	-	40 (22)	11 (6)	-	-	-	NA
						A1, A2, A5			D3, D4
Couto et al[126], 2013		Haitian’s in South Florida	27	NA	NA	-	-	-	19 (79)	-	-	-	-	NA

¹The percentage of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes is according to the number of samples that were sequenced. Subgenotypes are reported. NA: Not available; Asymp: Asymptomatic; AH: Acute hepatitis; CH: Chronic hepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; OHB: Occult hepatitis B.