Ethnic differences in gastric cancer genetic susceptibility: Allele flips of interleukin gene

Table 1 Differing risk associations for cytokine polymorphisms according to race and tumor type

Tumor type	Non-cardia or cardia with atrophy (non-cardia-like), intestinal		Cardia (esophageal), intestinal		Diffuse
Race	Asian	Non-asian	Non-asian	Asian	Asian	Non-asian
Direction of association
H. pylori infection	↑	↑	↓	↓	↑	↑
Gastric acid secretion	↓	↓	↑	↑	-	-
IL-1β production	↑	↑	↓	↓	-	-
IL-10 production	-	↓	-	↑	-	-
Allele flips of IL-1B and IL-10 (risk haplotype)
IL-1B-1464/-511/-31	GCT	CTC	CTC	-	-	-
IL-10-1082/-819/-592	-	ATA	-	GCC	-	-
Genetic factors other than IL-1B and IL-101	IL-8, ZBTB20, PRKAA1	IL-1RN			MUC1, PSCA	IL-1RN, TNFA
Molecular classification by gene expression analysis[20]	Distal non-diffuse		Proximal non-diffuse		Diffuse

¹Information based on meta-analyses[10,26] and GWAS[69-71,81]. ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IL: Interleukin; PSCA: Prostate stem cell antigen.