Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in diabetic patients is associated with microalbuminuria

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

	Normal (n = 2492)	Microalbuminuria (n = 224)	P value
Male	1 781 (71.5)	170 (75.9)	0.159
Age1 (yr)	54.6 (9.1)	57.7 (10.5)	< 0.001
BMI1 (kg/m2)	24.2 (2.8)	25.5 (3.4)	< 0.001
Waist circumference1 (cm)	86.9 (7.6)	89.8 (8.8)	< 0.001
Glucose1 (mg/dL)	102.4 (19.5)	118.3 (33.2)	< 0.001
Triglyceride1 (mg/dL)	129.1 (78.2)	161.2 (117.2)	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol1 (mg/dL)	52.7 (12.3)	50.2 (12.6)	0.005
Creatinine1 (mg/dL)	1.0 (0.2)	1.0 (0.2)	0.026
SBP1 (mmHg)	119.0 (14.7)	119.2 (15.6)	0.899
DBP1 (mmHg)	78.6 (11.2)	78.1 (11.8)	0.577
Hypertension	259 (10.4)	24 (10.7)	0.880
Diabetes mellitus	256 (10.3)	68 (30.4)	< 0.001
Current smoking	364 (16.6)	40 (20.4)	0.170
H. pylori seropositivity	1317 (52.8)	136 (60.7)	0.024

¹Data are presented as the mean ± SD. BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High density lipoprotein; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis assessing independent risk factors of microalbuminuria

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
H. pylori seropositivity	1.38	1.04-1.82	0.024	1.40	1.05-1.89	0.024
Age (yr)	1.04	1.02-1.05	< 0.001	1.04	1.02-1.06	< 0.001
Sex	1.28	0.91-1.73	0.159	-	-	-
BMI	1.15	1.09-1.20	< 0.001	1.15	1.04-1.27	0.005
WC	1.05	1.03-1.07	< 0.001	0.98	0.94-1.01	0.213
Glucose	1.02	1.02-1.03	< 0.001	1.02	1.01-1.12	< 0.001
Triglyceride	1.00	1.00-1.005	< 0.001	1.00	1.00-1.00	0.001
HDL cholesterol	0.98	0.97-0.99	0.004	1.00	0.99-1.01	0.959
Creatinine	2.87	1.38-5.96	0.005	1.57	0.71-3.51	0.267
Smoking	1.29	1.86-1.87	0.171	-	-	-
Hypertension	1.04	0.67-1.61	0.880	-	-	-
SBP	1.00	0.99-1.01	0.894	-	-	-
DBP	1.00	0.98-1.01	0.558	-	-	-

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; HDL: High density lipoprotein; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3 Relationship of the severity of the urine albumin to creatinine ratio to Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in diabetes subjects

Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (μg/mg)	n	H. pylori seropositivity (%)	OR (95% CI)	P for trend
Q1 (< 4.9)	64	50.0	Reference	0.001
Q2 (5.0-7.9)	63	46.0	0.86 (0.42-1.01)
Q3 (8.0-13.9)	64	51.6	1.10 (0.36-2.23)
Q4 (14.0-29.9)	65	61.5	1.55 (0.75-3.19)
Microalbuminuria	68	72.1	2.41 (1.14-5.11)

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; OR: Odds ratio.