Diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy using an intraductal anchoring balloon

Table 1 Indications for diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy

Indication	DPOC diagnosis	Final diagnosis	Performance of sphincteroplasty	Largest bile duct diameter (mm)
Obstructive jaundice	Extrinsic stricture	Pancreatic cancer	Yes	18
Obstructive jaundice	Extrinsic stricture	Chronic pancreatitis	No	12
Suspicion for missed stones by ERCP	Stone in the main bile duct	Missed stone by ERCP	Yes	17
Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone	Large CBD stone	DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal	Yes	11
Biliary stricture in a patient with PSC	Benign stricture	Benign PSC stricture	Yes	10
Biliary filling defect on MRI	Intraductal tumor	Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with intraductal extension	Yes	10
Suspicion for missed stone(s) by ERCP	No stones found		Yes	8
Abnormal LFTs in a post liver transplantation patient	Missed stones during ERCP	Missed stones during ERCP	No	11
Surveillance after biliary polypectomy	Complete removal of the polyp		Yes	9
Difficult-to-remove bile duct stones	Four stones in the main bile duct	DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal	Yes	13
Suspected polyp in CBD	Stone in CBD	CBD stone	Yes	20
Suspicion for missed stones by ERCP	No stones found		Yes	15
Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone	Large CBD stones	DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal	Yes	22
Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone	Large stone above anastomotic stricture	DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal	Yes	16

DPOC: Diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; CBD: Common bile duct; LFTs: Liver function tests; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.