Genetically modified mouse models for the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Potential candidate genes in fatty liver disease

Category of genes	Examples
Genes affecting insulin resistance	ADIPOQ, AKT2, ENPP1, IRS1, PPARG, HFE, resistin
Genes affecting hepatic lipid synthesis and uptake	DGAT2, SLC25A13, ACC, ELOVL6, SCD1, GPAT, SREBP1
Genes affecting hepatic lipid uptake	APOC3
Genes affecting hepatic triglyceride hydrolysis	PNPLA2, CGI-58, LIPA
Genes affecting hepatic lipid export	APOB, MTTP, PEMT
Genes affecting hepatic oxidative stress	GCLC, NOS2, SOD2, HFE, UCP2, MAT1A, GST, GSH-Px
Genes affecting immune regulation	ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, STAT3, TNFα, IL10, IL6, CTLA-4, IL-4, IL-18
Genes influencing disease progression and fibrosis	TGF-β1, 3, PPARα, DDX5, CPT1A, angiotensin II
Genes influencing response to endotoxin	CD14, TLR4, NOD2

ADIPOQ: Adiponectin; AKT: Beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; ENPP1: Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; HFE: Hemochromatosis gene; DGAT2: Diacylglycerol acetyltransferase-2; SLC25A13: Solute carrier family 25 Member 13 (citrin); ACC gene: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; ELOVL6: Elongation of very long chain fatty acids; SCD1 gene: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene; GPAT: Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; SREBP1: Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1; APOC3: Apolipoprotein C-III; PNPLA2: Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2; CGI58: Comparative gene identification-58; LIPA: Lipase A; APOB: Apolipoprotein B; MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; PEMT: Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; GCLC: Glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit; NOS2: Nitric oxide synthases2; SOD2: Superoxide dismutase-2; UCP2: Uncoupling protein 2; MAT1A: Methionine adenosyltransferaseIalpha; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; ADH: Alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-cell associated antigen-4; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; IL: Interleukin; PPAR: Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor; SCD-1: Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNFR: TNF-α receptor; DDX5: DEAD box protein 5; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver); NOD2: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2.