Risk factors associated with the development of ischemic colitis

Table 1 Diagnosis of ischemic colitis

	n (%)
Endoscopic location
Pancolitis	3 (1.9)
Right colon	10 (6.5)
Transverse colon	34 (21)
Splenic angle	36 (23.2)
Descending colon	69 (44.5)
Sigmoid colon	106 (68.4)
Rectum	38 (24.5)
Endoscopic findings
Hyperemia	98 (65.3)
Petechiae	37 (24.7)
Intramucosal bleeding	30 (20)
Fibrin	43 (26.5)
Ulcers	84 (56)
Active bleeding	9 (6)
Necrosis	12 (8)
Estenosis	12 (8)
Histologic findings
Crypt loss	17 (14.7)
Epithelium loss	13 (8)
Edema	68 (58.6)
Inflamatory infiltrate	87 (75)
Capillar thrombosis	17 (14.7)
Necrosis	40 (34.5)
Hemorrhage	1 (2.5)

Location, endoscopic and histologic findings are summarized. Variables are expressed as absolute number and percentage.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics present in cases and controls

	Case (%)	Control (%)	P value	OR	95% CI
Arterial hypertension	56.5	46.6	0.034	1.543	1.035-2.301
Dyslipidemia	19.8	12.1	0.025	1.793	1.075-2.992
Diabetes mellitus	26.7	12.7	< 0.001	2.427	1.506-3.911
Smoking habit	10.5	9.9	0.825	1.075	0.564-2.049
Chronic renal failure	4.3	4.6	0.877	0.93	0.372-2.33
Valve heart disease	7.4	6.8	0.806	1.094	0.535-2.234
Ischemic heart disease	18	14.9	0.381	1.254	0.756-2.08
Hypertensive heart disease	15.5	13.4	0.516	1.195	0.698-2.044
Atrial fibrillation	14.3	14	0.923	1.028	0.585-1.808
Heart failure	10.5	5	0.026	2.253	1.103-4.604
Peripheral arteriopathy	8.1	2.2	0.004	4.658	1.643-13.21
Abdominal aorta surgery	1.2	0	0.096
Cerebrovascular disease	12.4	9.6	0.339	1.348	0.731-2.483
COPD	18	18.6	0.864	0.956	0.576-1.587

Variables are expressed as percentages. Differences are considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Medications taken by cases and controls

	Case (%)	Control (%)	P value	OR	95% CI
Antihypertensives	51.5	41	0.023	1.595	1.067-2.383
Beta-blockers	5.6	5.6	1	1	0.443-2.26
Ca2+ channel antagonists	22.3	14.6	0.027	1.771	1.065-2.946
ACE inhibitors	27.3	18.3	0.018	1.776	1.102-2.861
Nitrates	10.5	9.3	0.67	1.143	0.617-2.117
ARB	1.2	4	0.109	0.358	0.102-1.259
NSAIDs	10.5	9.9	0.823	1.077	0.561-2.07
Digoxin	3.1	7.4	0.060	0.383	0.141-1.042
Antidepressants	3.7	6.2	0.222	0.540	0.201-1.453
Diuretics	26.1	26.1	1	1	0.656-1.525
ASA	31.6	18	< 0.001	2.153	1.371-3.382
Acenocumarol	5.6	5.6	1	1	0.443-2.26

Variables are expressed as percentages. Differences are considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin II blockers; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Multivariant conditional logistic regression model

Variables	P value	Coefficient	OR	95% CI
Diabetes mellitus	0.04600	0.5671	1.7632	1.0101-3.0776
Dyslipidemia	0.00437	0.7550	2.1277	1.2658-3.5762
Heart failure	0.01064	1.1539	3.1705	1.3079-7.6853
Peripheral arteriopathy	0.01461	1.4109	4.0997	1.3211-12.7219
Digoxin	0.02651	-1.3173	0.2679	0.0836-0.8576
Acetylsalicylic acid	0.01219	0.6808	1.9755	1.1600-3.3640
Heart disease	0.14541	-0.4224	0.6554	0.3711-1.1575

P value, beta coefficient, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of variables included in model B.