Paraneoplastic dermatological manifestation of gastrointestinal malignancies

Table 1 Relationships between morphologic features of cutaneous paraneoplastic disorders and gastrointestinal malignancy

Dermatologic disorder	Cutaneous manifestations	Localization	Associated gastrointestinal malignancy
Acanthosis nigricans	Pigmented papillomatous plaques	Axillar and inguinal folds, submammary and mammilla region, ano-genital regions	Gastric carcinoma; Colorectal carcinoma
Palmo-plantar keratoderma	Diffuse epidermal thickening with rugose appearance	Palms, fingers and soles	Gastric carcinoma; Hepatic metastases
Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica (Bazex syndrome)	Erythematous psoriasiform plaques	Hands, feet, ears, nose, elbows and knees	Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx/esophagus; Adenocarcinoma
Leser-Trélat syndrome	Multiple seborrheic keratoses	Trunk and extremities	Gastric carcinoma; Colorectal carcinoma; Esophageal carcinoma; Pancreatic carcinoma
Muir-Torre syndrome	Sebaceous adenomas; Sebaceous carcinomas; Keratoacanthomas	Head, trunk and extremities	Colorectal carcinoma; Colorectal adenomatous polyps
Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis	Periorbital heliotrope erythema and edema; Gottron papules; Gottron sign	Eyelids, upper cheeks, forehead; Phalangeal joints; Elbows, knees	Colorectal carcinoma; Gastic carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma
Paraneoplastic pemphigus	Erosions; Vesicles and blisters, Erythematous to violaceous patches papules, plaques	Oral cavity; Head, trunk and extremities	Castleman’s disease; Sarcoma; Adenocarcinoma; Squamous cell carcinoma
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	Hyperpigmented macules	Buccal mucosa, gums; Tips of the fingers and toes	Multiple intestinal polyps; Colorectal carcinoma; Pancreatic carcinoma; Gastic carcinoma; Small bowel carcinoma
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome	Hyperpigmented macules; Nail plate separation, discoloration and atrophy; Alopecia	Hands, palms, arms, neck and face; Fingernails and toenails; Scalp	Hamartomatous polyps; Colon carcinoma; Gastic carcinoma
Paraneoplastic hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita	Lanugo hairs	Head, trunk and extremities	Colorectal carcinoma; Pancreatic carcinoma