Effect of Breathwalk on body composition, metabolic and mood state in chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance syndrome

Table 1 Demographic and clinic characteristics of patients with HCV infection at the beginning of the breathwalking (BW) program

Parameter	HCV group	Reference range
	n = 17
Age (yr)	51 ± 10.2	-
Sex F/M (%)	11/6 (65/35)	-
DM2 (%)	3 (18)	-
BMI (kg/m2)	27.6 ± 3.2	< 25
Waist circumference (cm)	88.0 ± 10.4	< 80 cm F, < 94 cm M
Fat percentage (mean)	32.3 ± 7.1	< 28% F, < 20% M
Soft lean mass (kg)	44.2 ± 7.9	-
Glucose (mg/dL)	94.0 ± 16.5	< 110
ALT (U/L)	106.7 ± 93.1	< 55
AST (U/L)	101.4 ± 66.6	< 40
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	157.1 ± 35.0	< 200
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	165.0 ± 86.5	< 160
HOMA ratio	3.7 ± 1.8	< 2.5
Metabolic syndrome (%)	10 (59)	1

DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; F: Female; M: Male; HOMA: Homeostasis model of assessment.

¹NCEP (National cholesterol education program) ATP III (adult treatment panel III) 2001/2 criteria from metabolic syndrome.

Table 2 Anthropometric measurements in chronic HCV patients at start, 3 and 6 mo of breathwalking (BW) intervention

Parameter	Unit of parameter	Basal	3 mo	6 mo
Weight	kg	69.1 ± 11.0	68.2 ± 10.8	68.4 ± 10.4
BMI	kg/m2	27.6 ± 3.3	26.7 ± 3.6	26.5 ± 3.0a
Fat	%	32.3 ± 7.1	31.6 ± 7.1b	31.5 ± 6.6a
Muscle	kg	44.2 ± 7.9	45.3 ± 9.4	45.2 ± 9.4
WC	cm	88.0 ± 10.4	87.2 ± 10.0	86.0 ± 9.4b
Fitness	Score	76.0 ± 13.4	81.0 ± 3.0b	83.0 ± 2.6d

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.001 between baseline and 3 or 6 mo.

Table 3 Biochemical profile in chronic HCV patients at start, 3 and 6 mo of breathwalking (BW) (mean ± SD)

Biochemical parameter	Basal	3 mo	6 mo
Glucose (mg/dL)	94.0 ± 16.5	93.5 ± 21.8	87.2 ± 12.3
	(77-128)	(71-142)	(75-121)
ALT (U/L)	106.6 ± 93.1	82.8 ± 63.4	59.4 ± 32.7b
	(18-349)	(20-241)	(17-112)
AST (U/L)	101.4 ± 66.6	87.8 ± 61.8	84.7 ± 61.8
	(32-265)	(20-226)	(24-241)
ALT/AST ratio	1.04	0.94	0.70b
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.38 ± 1.2	1.22 ± 1.1	0.62 ± 0.36b
	(0.30-5.2)	(0.29-4.9)	(0.0-1.1)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	157.1 ± 86.5	148.0 ± 38.4	146.0 ± 39.8
	(103-231)	(82-217)	(67-205)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	165.0 ± 86.5	141.9 ± 46.4	124.6 ± 49.2b
	(86-378)	(85-210)	(64-197)
TG/HDL ratio	4.0	3.9	2.7a

Data are expressed in mean ± SD. TG/HDL: Triglycerides/high density lipoprotein.

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 between baseline and 3 or 6 mo.

Table 4 Mood state based on transformed score evaluation at start, 3 and 6 mo of breathwalking (BW)

Mood state category	Transformed score	Baseline	3 mo	6 mo
		n (%)	n (%)b	n (%)b
Excellent	100	6 (35)	11 (65)	15 (88)
Good	66.66	3 (18)	5 (29)	1 (6)
Regular	33.33	4 (23.5)	0 (0)	1 (6)
Bad	0	4 (23.5)	1 (6)	0 (0)

Wilcoxon rank test;

^bP < 0.001 between start and 3 or 6 mo.