DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle changes induced by fluoride in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes

Table 1 Amount of fluoride in urine and concentration of fluoride in blood (mean±SD)

Groups	Fluoride in urine (µg)	Concentration of fluoride in blood(mg/L)
Control	14.22  ± 1.33	0.334 ± 0.023
Fluoride	53.02 ± 5.45b	1.101 ± 0.123b

^bP <0.01 vs control group.

Table 2 Content of ROS, MDA and GSH in oral mucosa and liver (mean±SD)

Groups	ROS(U/mg protein)	MDA (mmol/mg protein)	GSH (mmol/mg protein)
Control(oral mucosa)	81.21 ± 7.87	0.66 ± 0.05	127.50 ± 13.11
Fluoride(oral mucosa)	134.73 ± 12.63 b	1.48 ± 0.13 b	76.38 ± 6.71 b
Control(liver)	75.57 ± 8.05	0.71 ± 0.06	130.08 ± 12.65
Fluoride(liver)	143.45 ± 11.76 b	1.44 ± 0.12 b	78.83 ± 7.72 b

^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

Table 3 Effects of fluoride on DNA damage in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes

Groups	Cells	Grade of DNA damage					Rates of comet assay
		0	1	2	3	4
Control (oral mucosal cells)	500	448	39	6	5	2	10.40
Fluoride (oral mucosal cells)	500	249	119	49	54	29	50.20b
Control (hepatocytes)	500	453	23	12	9	3	9.40
Fluoride (hepatocytes)	500	276	127	52	31	14	44.80b

^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

Table 4 Effects of fluoride on apoptosis in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes (mean±SD)

Groups	Oral mucosal cells (%)	Hepatocytes (%)
Control	5.61 ± 1.98	5.72 ± 1.82
Fluoride	13.63 ± 1.81 b	12.76 ± 1.67 b

^bP < 0.01 vs control group

Table 5 Effects of fluoride on proliferation in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes (mean ± SD)

Groups	G0/G1(%)	S(%)	G2/M(%)	PI
Control (oral mucosal cells)	62.75 ± 3.89	9.28 ± 2.56	8.74 ± 1.23	21.89 ± 3.61
Fluoride (oral mucosal cells)	58.53 ± 2.18	8.09 ± 1.31	6.28 ± 1.25a	19.51 ± 0.89
Control (hepatocytes)	64.79 ± 3.91	10.28 ± 2.64	10.67 ± 1.42	22.18 ± 3.59
Fluoride (hepatocytes)	60.58 ± 2.27	9.07 ± 1.42	7.98 ± 1.36a	19.91 ± 1.02

^aP < 0.05 vs control group.