Editorial
Copyright ©2006 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Apr 14, 2006; 12(14): 2149-2160
Published online Apr 14, 2006. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i14.2149
Table 1 Toll-like receptors and known microbial ligands[4,7,18]
TLR familyMicrobial ligands
Lipid ligands
TLR1Tri-acyl lipopeptides (bacteria, mycobacteria)
TLR2Lipoprotein/lipopeptides (a variety of pathogens)
Peptidoglycan (Gram-positive bacteria)
Lipoteichoic acid (Gram-positive bacteria)
Lipoarabinomannan (mycobacteria)
A phenol-soluble modulin (Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Glycoinositolphospholipids (Trypanosoma Cruzi)
Glycolipids (Treponema maltophilum)
Porins (Neisseria)
Zymosan (fungi)
Atypical LPS (Leptospira interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivalis)
Hemagglutinin (measles)
TLR4LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
Fusion protein (respiratory syncytial virus)
Envelope proteins (mouse mammary tumor virus)
HSP60 (Chlamydia pneumoniae)
TLR6Di-acyl lipopeptides (mycoplasma)
Nucleic acid ligand
TLR3Double-stranded RNA (virus)
TLR7 or 8U-rich ssRNA
TLR9CpG DNA (bacteria)
Protein ligand
TLR5Flagellin (bacteria)
Uropathogenic bacteria
TLR11Uropathogenic bacteria
Ligand unknown
TLR10?