Distribution and effects of polymorphic RANTES gene alleles in HIV/HCV coinfection &ndash; A prospective cross-sectional study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7631

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Clinical Research

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 28, 2005; 11(48): 7631-7638
Published online Dec 28, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7631

Table 1 Distribution of RANTES-403/-28 haplotypes

Haplotype		HIV	HIV/HCV	HCV	Controls
403	28		HIV/HCV	HCV	Controls
G	C	HIV	71.7%	84.0%	80.8%	84.2%
A	G	5.4%	1.3%	1.8%	2.9%
A	C	22.9%	14.2%	17.4%	12.9%
G	G	- - -	0.5%	- - -	- - -

Haplotype pair (-403/-28)		HIV¹²³	HIV/HCV	HCV	Controls
G/C	G/C	41 (49.4%)	82 (70.7%)	71 (63.4%)	73 (69.5%)
G/C	G/G	- - -	1 (0.9%)	- - -	- - -
G/C	A/C	28 (33.7%)	28 (24.1%)	37 (33.0%)	25 (23.8%)
G/C	A/G	9 (10.8%)	2 (1.7%)	2 (1.8%)	6 (5.7%)
A/C	A/C	5 (6.0%)	2 (1.7%)	- - -	1 (1.0%)
A/C	A/G	- - -	1 (0.9%)	2 (1.8%)	- - -

¹vs HIV P = 0.002;

²vs HIV/HCV P = 0.006;

³vs controls P = 0.019.

Table 2 Patient Characteristics [data given as number (%) or median (range)]

	HCV-infection(Group I)	HIV-infection(Group II)	HCV/HIV-coinfection(Group III)	Statistical significance
Number	112	85	121
Sex (Male / female)	108 / 4	73 / 12	117 / 4	Group I vs II P = 0.009; group II vs III P = 0.007
Age (median, range)	39 (13 - 77)	38 (23 - 70)	37 (21 - 62)
Risk factors (%)
Sexual	- - -	62 (72.9)	1 (0.8)	Group I vs II and II vs III P < 0.001*
Endemic	- - -	5 (5.9)	- - -	Group I vs II P = 0.009; group II vs III P = 0.011
I.V. drugs	- - -	4 (4.7)	3 (2.4)	Group I vs II P = 0.023*
Blood transfusion	- - -	1 (1.2)	- - -
Hemophilia	110 (98.2)	- - -	115 (95.0)	Group I vs II P < 0.001; group II vs III P < 0.001
Unknown	2 (1.8)	13 (15.3)	2 (1.7)	Group I vs II P < 0.001; group II vs III P < 0.001

Aminotransferase activities
ALT U/L (median, range)	34.0 (5.2 - 226.0)	17.0 (7.0 - 84.0)	38.5 (1.0 - 214.0)	Group I vs II and II vs III P < 0.001
AST U/L (median, range)	19.0 (5.8 - 157.0)	12.0 (4.3 - 106.0)	26.1 (7.8 - 168.0)	Group I vs II P = 0.002; group I vs III P = 0.030;
				Group II vs III P < 0.001
GGT U/L (median, range)	25.2 (5.2 - 350.9)	17.0 (6.2 - 149.0)	42.0 (2.9 - 254.6)	Group II vs III P < 0.001

HIV-status
CD4 count (median, range)	668 (171 - 2 039)/µL	350 (5 - 1 142)/µL	292.5 (6 - 1 219)/µL	Group I vs II and I vs III P < 0.001
CD8 count (median, range)	499 (62 - 1 653)/µL	931 (88 - 2 152)/µL	804 (39 - 3 056)/µL	Group I vs II and I vs III P < 0.001
HIV load (median, range)	- - -	300 (<80 - 830 000)	725 (<80 - 210,000)
HIV-viremia < 80 copies/mL	- - -	47 (55.3%)	80 (66.1%)
Type of antiretroviral Therapy (%)
Protease inhibitor-based HAART	- - -	62 (72.9)	58 (47.9)	Group II vs III P = 0.001
NNRTI-based HAART	- - -	11 (12.9)	25 (20.7)
Total	- - -	73 (85.9)	83 (68.6)	Group II vs III P = 0.007

HCV-status
HCV load (copies/mL)	8 888 000 (n.d.-126,500,000)	- - -	13 535 000 (n.d.-178 900 000)	Group I vs III P = 0.012
HCV load (IU/mL)	1 410 794 (n.d.-20,079,365)	- - -	2 148 413 (n.d.-28 396 825)
HCV-genotypes (%)
Genotype 1	70 (62.5)	- - -	76 (62.8)
Genotype 2	14 (12.5)	- - -	11 (9.1)
Genotype 3	8 (7.1)	- - -	21 (17.4)	Goups I vs III P = 0.028*
Genotype 4	6 (5.4)	- - -	5 (4.1)
Multiple genotypes	1 (0.9)	- - -	1 (0.8)
Undeterminded genotype	13 (11.6)	- - -	7 (5.8)

HBV-status (%)
Anti-HBs+ and anti-HBc+	52 (46.4)	15 (17.6)	43 (35.5)
Anti-HBc+ alone	10 (8.9)	5 (5.9)	34 (28.1)	Group I vs II P < 0.001; group II vs III P = 0.008
HBs-Ag+	1 (0.9)	3 (3.5)	6 (5.0)	Group I vs III P < 0.001; group II vs III P < 0.001*

* Fisher´s exact test; n.d. = not detected.

Table 3 Distribution of RANTES-403, RANTES-28 and RANTES IN1.1 genotypes and allele frequencies

RANTES-403 (%)	G/G	G/A	A/A	Statistics	[A]-allele frequency (%)	Statistics
HCV	71 (63.4)	39 (34.8)	2 (1.8)	vs HIV P = 0.077	19.2	vs HIV P = 0.047
(n = 112)
HIV	42 (49.4)	38 (44.7)	5 (5.9)		28.2
(n = 85)
HCV/HIV	86 (71.7)	31 (25.8)	3 (2.5)	vs HIV P = 0.005	15.4	vs HIV P = 0.002
(n = 120)
Controls	77 (70.6)	31 (28.4)	1 (0.9)	vs HIV P = 0.004	15.1	vs HIV P = 0.002
(n = 109)

RANTES-28 (%)	C/C	C/G	G/G	Statistics	[G]-allele frequency	Statistics
HCV	108 (96.4)	4 (3.6)	0 (0.0)	vs HIV P = 0.078	1.8	vs HIV P = 0.083
(n = 112)
HIV	74 (89.2)	9 (10.8)	0 (0.0)		5.4
n = 83
HCV/HIV	112 (96.6)	4 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	vs HIV P = 0.045	1.7	vs HIV P = 0.048
(n = 116)
Controls	103 (94.5)	6 (5.5)	0 (0.0)	vs HIV P = 0.186	2.8	vs HIV P = 0.195
(n = 109)

RANTES-In1.1 (%)	T/T	T/C	C/C	Statistics	[C]-allele frequency	Statistics
HCV	87 (77.7)	25 (22.3)	0 (0.0)	vs HIV P = 0.054	12.6	vs HIV P = 0.041
(n = 112)
HIV	53 (63.1)	30 (35.7)	1 (1.2)		19
(n = 84)
HCV/HIV	93 (76.9)	27 (22.3)	1 (0.8)	vs HIV P = 0.101	12	vs HIV P = 0.066
(n = 121)
Controls	86 (78.9)	22 (20.2)	1 (0.9)	vs HIV P = 0.052	11	vs HIV P = 0.038
(n = 109)

Table 4 Viral loads and immunological data in different RANTES-403, RANTES-28 and RANTES-IN1.1 genoytpes. Data are given as [median (range)]. Statistically significant differences are indicated by index numbers

RANTES-403	HCV-Infection			HIV-Infection			HIV/HCV-Infection
RANTES-403	G/G(N = 71)	G/A(N = 39)	A/A(N= 2)	G/G(N= 42)	G/A(N = 38)	A/A(N = 5)	G/G(N = 86)	G/A(N = 31)	A/A(N = 3)
HCV-Load	10.8	4.2	39.0	- - -	- - -	- - -	13.8	14.0	1.6
x 10⁶ copies/mL	(n.d.-126.5)	(n.d.-56.6)	(n.d.-39.8)				(0.2-178.9)	(0.6-150.5)	(0.4-6.8)
HIV-Load	- - -	- - -	- - -	455	380	<80	550	770	9900
x 10³ copies/mL				(<80-830 000)	(<80-50 000)	(<80-990)	(<80-210 000)	(<80-50 000)	(2 400-27 000)
CD4 count	683	621	916	353.5	348.5	300	302	279	293
cells/µL	(171-2 039)	(282-1 544)	(787-1 045)	(51-1 111)	(5-1 142)	(28-629)	(6-1 219)	(106-651)	(149-331)
CD8 count	496.5	499	581.5	918.5	927	1 099	792	968.5	675
cells/µL	(62-1 653)	(185-1 183)	(425-738)	(202-1 717)	(88-2 152)	(382-1 421)	(39-2 466)	(319-3 056)	(465-895)

RANTES-28	C/C (N = 108)	C/G (N = 4)	G/G (N = 0)	C/C (N = 74)	C/G (N = 9)	G/G (N = 0)	C/C (N = 112)	C/G (N = 4)	G/G (N = 0)
HCV-Load	8.4	38.3	- - -	- - -	- - -	- - -	13.5	22.3	- - -
x 10⁶ copies/mL	(n.d.-126.5)	(29.9-39.8)					(0.2-178.9)	(0.4-45.8)
HIV-Load	- - -	- - -	- - -	310	<80	- - -	560	2 150	- - -
x 10³ copies/mL				(<80-830 000)	(<80-3 700)		(<80-210 000)	(400-91 000)
CD4 count	662	916	- - -	355	330	- - -	293	220	- - -
cells/µL	(171-2 039)	(443-1 305)		(10-1 142)	(141-637)		(13-1 219)	(149-651)
CD8 count	499	581.5	- - -	942.5	636	- - -	828	602.5	- - -
cells/µL	(62-1 653)	(338-739)		(202-2 152)	(362-1 997)		(39-3 056)	(397-2 401)

RANTES-IN1.1	T/T (N = 87)	T/C (N = 25)	C/C (N = 0)	T/T (N = 53)	T/C (N = 30)	C/C (N = 1)	T/T (N = 93)	T/C (N = 27)	C/C (N = 1)
HCV-Load	9.6	6.2	- - -	- - -	- - -	- - -	13.5	14.2	1.6
x 10⁶ copies/mL	(n.d.-126.5)	(0.4-56.6)					(0.2-178.9)	(0.4-150.5)
HIV-Load	- - -	- - -	- - -	600	<80	990	735	560	9 900
x 10³ copies/mL				(<80-830 000)	(<80-38 000)		(<80-210 000)	(<80-91 000)
CD4 count	662	702	- - -	353	342	629	294	242	331
cells/µL	(171-2 039)	(392-1 305)		(51-1 142)	(10-1 028)		(6-1 219)	(110-651)
CD8 count	501	497	- - -	936.5	927	1 421	792	1 034	675
cells/µL	(62-1 653)	(191-1 119)		(202-1 717)	(362-2 152)		(39-2 466)	(319-3 056)

n.d. = not detectable

Citation: Ahlenstiel G, Iwan A, Nattermann J, Bueren K, Rockstroh JK, Brackmann HH, Kupfer B, Landt O, Peled A, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U, Woitas RP. Distribution and effects of polymorphic RANTES gene alleles in HIV/HCV coinfection – A prospective cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11(48): 7631-7638
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i48/7631.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7631