Trauma to the solid abdominal organs: The missed dark box of colonoscopy

Table 1 Case reports of hepatic injuries during colonoscopy

Ref.	Type of injury	Age, sex, and risk factors	Presentation	Treatment	Comments
Ellis et al[16], 1979	Combined liver and spleen	33-year-old female, her manifestations and colonoscopy findings were suggestive of IBD	Left upper quadrant followed by hemodynamic instability	Surgical	The spleen ruptured, laceration to left liver lobe, injury to mesocolon. Ruptured? IBD related adhesions were seen
Noreña et al[18], 2013	Lone liver injury	73-year-old male, undergoing a screening colonoscopy	Severe right upper abdominal pain radiating to lumbar region with abdominal distension and rigidity	Laparoscopic evaluation and drainage were done with conservative management	A subcapsular hepatic hematoma and a right hepatic; lobe laceration as well as a large hemoperitoneum
Jammal et al[19], 2013	Lone liver injury	30-year-old woman undergoing screening colonoscopy for polyps	Right upper quadrant pain radiating to the right scapula	Conservative	Abdominal ultrasonography and CT achieved diagnosis of a subcapsular hematoma
Hussain et al[20], 2020	Combined liver and spleen	A 71-year-old woman with many medical co-morbidities had an EGD; and colonoscopy for nonspecific abdominal pain	Brought to emergency room in code blue hours after having colonoscopy	Emergency laparotomy with splenectomy and hepatorrhaphy	Adhesion of omentum to bilateral abdominal wall and pelvis. The patient passed away dye to brain hypoxic events

IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CT: Computed tomography.