Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 3 Urinary metabolites differentially expressed in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and healthy controls

No.	Metabolites	VIP-value (OPLS-DA)	P value (t-test)	Fold change
ESI+
1	L-Carnitine	1.488	0.002	1.531
2	Creatinine	1.195	0.015	0.257
3	L-Valine/betaine	1.195	0.015	-0.544
4	Acetylcarnitine	1.658	0.001	1.669
5	Nα-Acetyl-L-arginine	1.297	0.008	-0.350
6	Hypoxanthine	1.883	0.000	0.968
7	1-Methylguanine	1.376	0.005	0.483
8	Adipic acid	1.534	0.001	-0.627
9	Xanthosine	1.467	0.002	0.389
10	Guanosine	1.448	0.003	0.273
11	7-Methylxanthine	1.489	0.002	1.922
12	2-Methylguanosine	1.654	0.001	0.475
13	Butyryl-L-carnitine	1.499	0.002	0.560
14	Gluconic acid	1.391	0.004	-0.733
15	Xanthurenic acid	1.351	0.006	0.485
16	Kynurenic acid	1.590	0.001	0.560
17	Indole-3-carboxylic acid	1.189	0.015	0.496
18	6β-hydroxytestosterone	2.203	0.000	1.251
19	Androstenedione	1.500	0.002	0.779
20	PGA2 methyl ester	1.709	0.000	0.676
21	Cortisol	1.340	0.006	0.641
22	Deoxycorticosterone	1.770	0.000	0.841
23	Corticosterone	1.568	0.001	0.766
24	Cortisone	1.383	0.004	0.661
25	Testosterone glucuronide	1.838	0.000	0.844
26	EPA	1.208	0.014	0.714
27	Decanoyl-L-carnitine	1.592	0.001	1.101
28	Androsterone	2.276	0.000	0.918
29	Eicosapentaenoic	1.282	0.009	-0.417
	Acid ethyl ester
30	Ursodeoxycholic acid	1.599	0.001	0.474
ESI-
31	Shikimate-3-phosphate	1.195	0.020	-0.344
32	2-keto-D-gluconic acid	1.902	0.000	-0.426
33	α-D-glucose	1.647	0.001	-0.484
34	Pyroglutamic acid	1.545	0.002	0.334
35	(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate	1.299	0.011	-0.579
36	2-Deoxy-D-ribose	1.264	0.014	-0.455
37	1-Methyluric acid	1.181	0.022	0.870
38	Salicyluric acid	1.455	0.004	-0.723
39	Salicylic acid	1.170	0.023	-0.494
40	Indoxylsulfuric acid	1.829	0.000	0.646
41	Ferulic acid 4-O-glucuronide	2.046	0.000	-2.303
42	Caffeic acid 3-sulfate	1.320	0.010	-2.214
43	2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	1.857	0.000	-1.004
44	3,3-Dimethylglutaric acid	1.635	0.001	-1.225
45	Ferulic acid 4-sulfate	1.695	0.001	-1.779
46	Deoxyinosine	1.315	0.010	-1.049
47	Indolelactic acid	1.251	0.015	-0.868
48	3-Methylsuberic acid	1.577	0.002	-1.825
49	L-Homocitrulline	1.619	0.001	-1.883
50	Glycocholic acid	1.187	0.021	0.408
51	Glycoursodeoxycholic acid	1.392	0.006	0.932
52	L-homotyrosine	1.475	0.004	-0.625
53	Ethisterone	1.702	0.001	-0.659