First-line endoscopic treatment with over-the-scope clips significantly improves the primary failure and rebleeding rates in high-risk gastrointestinal bleeding: A single-center experience with 100 cases

Table 5 Comparison of total mortality, rebleeding-associated mortality and rebleeding events between upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients who received best standard of care (original Rockall group) and those who underwent first-line or second-line endoscopic treatment over-the-scope clips (Freiburg group)

Total mortality Rockall < 7	Total mortality Rockall≥7
Rockall1 5.8% vs Freiburg2 10%; P = 0.327	Rockall 32.8% vs Freiburg 34.8%; P = 0.865
145 of 2499 vs 2 of 20	150 of 457 vs 15 of 43
Rebleeding-associated mortality	Rebleeding-associated mortality
Rockall < 7	Rockall ≥ 7
Rockall 2.8% vs Freiburg 5%; P = 0.436	Rockall 22.3% vs Freiburg 13.9%; P = 0.247
70 of 2499 vs 1 of 20	102 of 355 vs 6 of 43
Rebleeding events Rockall < 7	Rebleeding events Rockall ≥ 7
Rockall 13.8% vs Freiburg 15%; P = 0.750	Rockall 46.8% vs Freiburg 18.6%; P = 0.0003
345 of 2499 vs 3 of 20	214 of 457 vs 8 of 43

¹Best standard of care;

²OTSC FLET and SLET. OTSC: Over-the-scope clips; FLET: First-line endoscopic treatment; SLET: Second-line endoscopic treatment.