Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and its pathogenic role

Figure 3 Effects of Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on T cell-mediated immunity. Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and VacA inhibit T cell proliferation and differentiation to T helper 1 (T_H1) and T_H17. They also prevent T cell immunity by reprogramming dendritic cells to produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-18 and promote the differentiation of naive T cells into T regulatory (Treg) cells that further suppress T_H1 and T_H17 effector functions. FOXP3: Forkhead box P3; NFAT: Nuclear factor of activated T cells; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma.