Characterization of gastric cancer models from different cell lines orthotopically constructed using improved implantation techniques

Abstract

AIM: To develop orthotopic gastric cancer mouse models from different cell lines and characterize the tumor features to assist further in preclinical trials and clinical treatment strategies.

METHODS: Human gastric cancer SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cell suspensions were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to develop solid tumors, and tumor tissue pieces were then implanted under the serous coat of the stomach. An autopsy was performed on all animals of the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 models to observe the primary tumor growth and metastases using pathological and immunohistochemical methods.

RESULTS: Both models showed large tumors in situ resulting in pressure and infiltration of the adjacent organs. The gastric cavity became smaller, along with stenosis of the cardia or pylorus. There were biological and statistical differences between the two models. The metastasis rate in involved organs (lymph nodes, kidney, spleen, testis) was significantly higher in the BGC-823 model compared to the SGC-7901 model (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The median survival of the BGC-823 model was shorter than that of SGC-7901 (23 d vs 84 d, P < 0.05). Histopathologically, the primary tumor and metastatic lesions of the two models showed obvious atypia and mucus in the cytoplasm. Compared with the SGC-7901 model, BGC-823 appeared more poorly differentiated (absence of adenoid structure), had a smaller volume, and richer capillary structure. Immunohistochemical staining revealed cytokeratin 20 and epithelial membrane antigen expression was positive in the SGC-7901 tumors, while negative in BGC-823 ones.

CONCLUSION: Models using the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cell lines were established which could function in gastric cancer research on carcinogenesis mechanism and drug discovery. The two models showed different tumor behavior and the latter was more malignant than the former.

Key Words: Gastric cancer, Orthotopic implantation, Mouse model, Metastasis, Cell line

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer is still the second most common malignant tumor in the world, and patients with gastric cancer generally have metastasis when clinically examined. There is a low five-year survival rate and poor quality of life even after tumor resection. We need to develop animal models of gastric cancer for exploring the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and clinical treatment strategy. Since the 1990s, orthotopic implantation techniques have gained popularity in establishing animal models of various tumors[1-4]. Many researchers have constructed orthotopic models of gastric cancer with different methods[5-11]. Of these methods, orthotopic transplantation using tumor pieces is useful because it not only simulates clinical cancer behavior but also promotes metastasis[12]. In the past, researchers mainly employed the “sewing” method to develop stomach cancer models[6,13]. However, there are disadvantages; such as a difficult operation, a time-consuming process, and low survival rates, and the sewing technique is not commonly used. In recent years, the procedure has been improved using tissue adhesive adhering to tumor pieces, which greatly facilitates surgical performance and decreases the mortality rate resulting from surgical operation[5,14]. Based on previous research, we intended to develop gastric cancer models from the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cell lines and observe their biological characteristics to aid preclinical trials and therapy strategies. The human gastric cell line SGC-7901 was first established from the metastatic lymph node of a 56-year-old female patient suffering gastric adenocarcinoma. The BGC-823 cell line was derived from a specimen from a male patient who was 62 years of age, which was conserved in the Tumor Institute of Tianjin in China. The two gastric cell lines are poorly differentiated. This is the first time that a gastric cancer model of BGC-823 cell line was orthotopically constructed with histological tumor tissue via the “adhering” method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell lines

Human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and BGC-823 were used for this study. The cells were purchased from the Centre of Cell Cultures of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China, and cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂, in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Gibco, Grand Island, NY), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 2 mmol/L glutamine and 1 mmol/L sodium pyruvate. Cells were maintained by serial passaging after trypsinization with 0.1% trypsin.

Animals

Five- to six-week-old male Balb/c nu-nu mice (weight 18-20 g) were obtained from the Shanghai Experimental Animal Center of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China. They were kept in cages in a pathogen-free environment (temperature 25 °C-27 °C, humidity 45%-50%) and supplied with food and water ad libitum. All animal experiments were approved by the ethical committee of the Chongqing Medical University, and conformed to National and International Policies on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Subcutaneous tumor specimens

Subcutaneous tumors were grown and then tumor tissue pieces used in surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI). Two cell lines were collected in the log phase and injected subcutaneously at 10⁷/0.2 mL into the bilateral croup of Balb/c nu-nu mice. After 2 wk, the resulting tumors from the croup were harvested under strict aseptic conditions following removal of necrotic tissue from the central tumor areas, and cut into small pieces of approximately 1 mm³.

Orthotopic implantation of tumor fragments

Nude mice were divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each, and were explanted with tumor fragments[5] from the SCG-7901 and BGC-823 cell lines, respectively. All procedures were performed under anesthesia with Sumianxin II (0.02 mL per animal; China Academy of Military Medical Science) at the benchtop. After a left-side upper abdominal incision was made, the stomach of the nude mouse was gently exteriorized. One small tissue pocket was prepared in the middle wall of the greater curvature using an ophthalmic scissor, and then one tumor piece was placed into the pocket following fixation with a drop of medical tissue adhesive (gifts from Shunkang Corporation of Biological Adhesive, Beijing, China). To avoid adhesion to adjacent normal tissue, the quantity of the tissue adhesive was strictly measured. The stomach was then returned to the peritoneal cavity, and the abdominal wall was closed with 4-0 absorbable sutures. The mice were given special care and fed in cages as usual after surgery.

Evaluation of tumor growth and metastasis

All mice of the two groups were closely observed. At time of death, an autopsy was carried out to examine the tumor growth. The volume of primary tumor was calculated by the following formula: V = 0.4 × ab² (a: maximum diameter; b: minimum diameter)[15]. Primary tumor, lymph nodes (gastroepiploic plexus, hilus pulmonis and mesenterium), and other organs (liver, lung, kidney, testis, spleen, etc.) involving infiltration or metastasis were sampled. The sampled tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned to 3 μm thick, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. The ascitic fluid was centrifuged (1000 r, 5 min), and a cytologic smear was prepared for microscopic examination of malignant tumor cells.

Immunohistochemistry

The expression of cytokeratin (CK; High MW), cytokeratin 20 (CK-20) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was studied by using mAbs 34βE12, KS20.8 and GP1.4 (MAB-0052, 0057, 0061; Maixin Inc., Fuzhou, China). An ultrasensitive SP kit (KIT-9710; Maixin Inc., Fuzhou, China) and a DAB kit (DAB-0031; Maixin Inc., Fuzhou, China) were employed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The expression of CK, CK-20 and EMA proteins was defined as positive if the stained area of tumor cells was predominant in their cytoplasm.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as mean ± SD. The median survival was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test. The volume of primary tumor was analyzed by the student t test. The incidence of metastasis in both groups was analyzed using Fisher exact test. Differences were judged statistically significant at a P value < 0.05.

RESULTS

The incidence of tumor growth and general condition

The tumor uptake rate after orthotopic implantation in both of the two groups was 100% (12/12). The median survival for the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 groups were 84 d and 23 d, respectively (P < 0.05, Figure 1). Mice of the SGC-7901 group had obvious cachexia (emaciation, retardation, ascites formation, etc.), whereas none of the BGC-823 group showed a decline in their general health.

Figure 1 Survival curve of the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 gastric cancer models. The median survival in the BGC-823 model is significantly shorter than that in SGC-7901 (23 d vs 84 d, P < 0.05).

Observation and evaluation of primary tumor growth

The average tumor volume of the BGC-823 group was 1.24 ± 0.73 cm³, while it was 9.30 ± 3.62 cm³ in the SGC-7901 group (Figure 2A and B). There was a statistical significance in the difference (P < 0.05, Figure 2C). In addition, observations of the primary tumor and related characteristics in the two groups are presented in Table 1 in detail.

Table 1 Comparison of primary tumor and related characters in the two models.

Items		SGC-7901 group	BGC-823 group
Primary tumor	Shape	Irregularly lobular	Irregularly lobular
	Color	Grayish yellow	Gray-white
	Texture	Stiffer	Softer
	Vascularity	Rich	Richer
Section of stomach tumor	Gastric cavity	Narrow or vanished	Narrow or vanished
	Greater and lesser curvature	Undistinguishable	Undistinguishable
	Pylorus	Partly or totally obstructed	Totally obstructed
Effects on adjacent organs	Abdominal cavity	Occupying whole abdomen	Occupying upper abdomen
	Adhering extent	Adhering to liver lobes	Adhering to many organs
	Compressed status	Severely compressed	Partly compressed
Ascites	Liquid quantity	Little	Much
	Property	Clear and yellowish	Bloody fluid

Figure 2 Macroscopic examination of the primary tumor in the two models. A: The tumor of SGC-7901 shows large volume (9.30 ± 3.62 cm³), irregular lobular shape, and stenosis in the cardia or pylorus; B: The tumor volume of BGC-823 is 1.24 ± 0.73 cm³, with irregular lobular appearance; C: Comparison of primary tumor volume in two models. The difference is statistically significant. ^aP < 0.05, student t test.

Evaluation of metastases derived from orthotopic implantation tumors

Metastasis, which was always located in lymph nodes, liver, kidney, lung, peritoneum or diaphragm, occurred in both groups of gastric cancer models. Additionally, other organs (spleen and testicle) were also found to have metastatic lesions in the BGC-823 group. The incidence of metastasis from various organs in the BGC-823 group was higher than that in the SGC-7901 group, and these differences (except for liver, lung, peritoneum or diaphragm) were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of metastatic rates in models of SGC-7901 and BGC-823, n/N (%).

Groups	Site and incidence of metastasis
	Lymph nodesa	Liver	Kidneya	Lung	Spleenb	Testiclea	Peritoneum or septum
SGC-7901	7/12 (58)	10/12 (83)	5/12 (42)	1/12 (8)	0	0	10/12 (83)
BGC-823	12/12 (100)	12/12 (100)	10/12 (83)	5/12 (42)	7/12 (58)	5/12 (42)	12/12 (100)

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Histology

The two groups differed in histological appearance of subcutaneous tumor samples, though the cell lines forming tumors were both poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. In the SGC-7901 group, tumor cells spread with nest-like structures, characterized by nuclear polymorphism, nuclear hyperchromatism, many red nucleoli, and rich pathological karyokinesis. Mucus was observed in the cytoplasm of part of the tumor cells which resulted in mucus lakes, and adenoid structures and rich blood vessels formed in tumor areas. In the BGC-823 group, histopathologic examination confirmed a different phenotype of the BGC-823 tumor compared to the SGC-7901 tumor. The tumor cells mostly showed medullary growth with characteristics of ample cells, fewer fibroblasts, and rich vascularity. The neoplasm revealed the signs of undifferentiated structure, small size, nuclear hyperchromatism, and rich pathological karyokinesis. Mucus was found in the cytoplasm of part of the neoplastic cells, but there was an absence of glandular differentiation.

Both primary tumors and metastases, whose tumor cells were microscopically identical to the subcutaneous tumor, of the two group models showed similarity in histopathologic characteristics. The stomach cancer of the two models infiltrated the various layers of gastric wall with disruption of the integrity of the mucous layer or muscularis mucosae (Figure 3A and B). Widespread infiltration of tumor cells was found in the subcapsular, the cortical and medullary areas of lymph nodes, while extension into the medullary parts the lymph sinus was diminished (Figure 3C). In some of the lymph nodes, the nodal parenchyma was even totally replaced by neoplastic tumor. Metastases were detected in the liver (Figure 3D) and the kidney (Figure 3E) with nest-like structures or a glandular appearance, occasionally in the adrenal gland or pancreas (not shown). Metastatic lesions were always separated from adjacent normal tissue by fibrous capsules, and lymphoid infiltration in peripheral tumor areas was also seen. Tumors metastasized to the lung and destroyed bronchi or bronchioles (Figure 3F). In addition, local invasion was observed within the abdominal muscle or diaphragmatic muscle. Organs such as the spleen and the testicle (Figure 3G and H) were not spared in the BGC-823 models. Histological examination revealed that the spleen parenchyma was infiltrated and the seminiferous tubules of the testis or ductus epididymidis, and the prostate, were invaded by the metastatic tumor.

Figure 3 Histology of the primary tumor and metastasis in the two models by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The tumor cells of the SGC-7901 (A) and the BGC-823 (B) model infiltrate the submucosa of the stomach; C: Tumor cells (arrows) are found in the subcapsular and cortical areas of lymph node of the SGC-7901 model; D: Metastases (arrows) detected in the liver of the BGC-823 model; E: Tumor invades into the kidney of the SGC-7901 model, with a fibrous capsule surrounding relatively normal renal tissue (arrows); F: Tumor metastasizes to the lung and surrounds the bronchium in the BGC-823 model; Other organs (G: Spleen; H: Testicle) with metastasis involvement in the BGC-823 model. Tumors are marked with arrows. Hematoxylin and eosin stain; Magnification, × 100.

Smears of cast-off cells from ascites in both groups confirmed that the malignant cells originated from the primary adenocarcinoma (not shown).

Immunohistochemistry analysis

The expression of CK-20 and EMA protein was positive within the primary tumor and metastases in the SGC-7901 group, whereas CK expression was negative in the same tissues (Figure 4). In the BGC-823 group, CK, CK-20 and EMA immunostaining were negative.

Figure 4 Immunohistochemistry of primary tumor and metastasis in the SGC-7901 model using the self-potential method. Cytokeratin 20 (A: Stomach; B: Liver) and epithelial membrane antigen expression (C: Lymph node; D: Lung) shows as positive, characterized by the brown-yellow stain in the cytoplasm. Visualized by using DAB reagent; Magnification, × 100.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of our study was to develop gastric cancer models from different cell lines with intact tumor pieces orthotopically implanted into the stomach wall by tissue glue adhesion. In the present study, we could replicate similar results of the SCG-7901 orthotopic models which have been established by other researchers in China. This is the first time that an animal model has been created from the BGC-823 gastric cancer cell line with SOI of tumor tissue.

Interestingly, we find the two models reveal significant differences in biological behavior. It has been reported that heterogeneity resulting from differences of histopathological type, grade, and individual factors reside in different tumor cell lines[5,16]. Thus, animal models derived from different tumor cell lines present different characteristics. Bhargava et al[5] orthotopically established gastric cancer models in two sites of the stomach using tumor fragments from three cell lines of differently differentiated extent. The findings showed that the tumor uptake rate and metastases were all different among the three cell lines, between two sites, and at various time points. Fujihara et al[13] developed a gastric cancer cell line subtype named OCUM-2M LN, characterized by high incidence of lymph node metastasis, which was obtained from the OCUM-2M cell line by serial passage selection in animals. The ability to metastasize to lymph nodes in subtype OCUM-2M LN was significantly higher than that in parental cell line OCUM-2M. In keeping with these authors above, we also found that heterogeneity among different cell lines contributed to differences of tumor behavior in both gastric cancer models.

Histopathological characteristics of malignant neoplasms were reflected in both cancer models, characterized by neoplastic atypia of varying degrees, and rich blood vessels promoting tumor growth and metastasis. However, the two types of tumor showed differences in pathologic phenotype. The SGC-7901 tumors showed nest-like structures and glandular differentiation, while the BGC-823 tumors presented medullary structures and no adenoid differentiation, which might be explained by the fact that the BGC-823 cell line develops variation and partly changed neoplastic properties during passage[9,13]. Microscopically, mucous secretion in both types of tumor cells, especially in the SGC-7901 tumor, was consistent with the characteristics of mucous adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, the negative result of CK expression in the two models also excluded the differentiation of squamous carcinoma. The expression of CK-20 and EMA by immunohistochemical staining was positive in the SGC-7901 tumors, but negative in BGC-823. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis all confirmed that the BGC-823 carcinoma had poorer differentiation than SGC-7901. In addition, all epithelial markers in BGC-823 tumors were negative which might suggest an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phase. We shall perform immunohistochemical staining with a mesenchymal marker, such as vimentin, to verify this presumption in our next experiments. It is reported that survival prognosis has close correlation with histopathologic grading of tumor[17-19]. The results in our study demonstrated that median survival course in the BGC-823 model was shorter than that in SGC-7901 (P < 0.05), which is compatible with histological examination.

Retrospective studies have suggested that there is cor-relation between tumor volume size and lymph node metastasis or five-year survival[19-22]. In our experimental results, the original tumor in both models presented a large-volume lesion invading adjacent organs and destroying the stomach cavity. There is no theoretical significance regarding difference of the tumor volume in the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 groups, though the former is obviously larger than the latter (P < 0.05) mainly resulting from the different course of primary tumor growth. However, the SGC-7901 tumor texture was harder than that of BGC-823, which was possibly linked with rich stromal component in the former but ample tumor cells and rich blood vessels in the latter. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for metastatic spread[15,23], which also explains why vascular metastasis is a frequent occurrence in the BGC-823 model.

Metastasis is not only linked with the prognosis of patients but also the dilemma of cancer therapy. In the field of experimental research, metastatic events are assumed to cover the factors of the anatomic site of implantation[12,13,24,25] or status (suspension or fragment) of tumor sample used in implantation[10,23]. Orthotopic transplantation in animal models of various cancers has played a key role in mimicking the clinical tumor behavior[5,23,24]. There has been variable success at achieving good tumor uptake rate and metastatic incidence with implantation procedures using suspension injections and tumor pieces[10,23]. Many studies indicate that the properties on the tumor cell surfaces are preserved by the implantation of tumor pieces, but destroyed after the cell suspensions have been treated by trypsinization resulting in changes of malignant character and further contributing to decline of tumor growth and metastatic rate[13,24]. In the present study, the models of orthotopic implantation into the gastric wall with intact tumor fragments showed not only high uptake rate but also metastasis through various pathways, which was consistent with the previous research. It is well known that the general metastasis in terminal patients with gastric cancer mainly involves direct infiltration, lymphatic metastasis, vascular spread, and implantation dissemination. The aggressive behavior in the two model groups resembles clinical patients suffering from gastric cancer. In the SGC-7901 group, direct infiltration and lymphatic metastasis were frequently observed. However, multiple steps were assumed to be involved in the metastases of the BGC-823 group. In BGC-823 models, we could not identify the accurate pathway of metastasis through local invasion in the liver, kidney, spleen and testicle. The total involvement of multiple steps facilitating metastases requires further studies.

Compared with the SGC-7901 group, metastasis occurrence is earlier (P < 0.05), metastasis incidence in different organs higher (P < 0.05), and the number of involved organs greater in the BGC-823 group. The deaths in the SGC-7901 group were considered as multi-organ failure caused by cachexia, while the BGC-823 mice mostly died of early metastases and high metastatic rates without visible cachexia. Taken together, the results in our study demonstrate that the BGC-823 gastric cancer model is more aggressive than the SGC-7901 one with the support of the comprehensive factors discussed above.

We have successfully developed two types of gastric cancer model with different tumor behavior by orthotopic implantation, which are characterized by advantages such as low cost and resemblance to clinical gastric cancer. The two models are both suitable for preclinical research on gastric cancer, and their different characteristics may aid with different needs of experimental research. Considering comprehensive factors, surgical orthotopic implantation is still a desirable technique compared with other methods of constructing gastric cancer models[26-29].

COMMENTS

Background

Gastric cancer is still the most common malignant tumor in the world, and detection is difficult before metastasis occurrence, so people need to develop animal models of gastric cancer for exploring the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and clinical treatment strategy. Gastric cancer models of orthotopic implantation with intact tumor tissue have been well established. Moreover, orthotopic implantation performance has been improved from the “sewing” method to the “adhering” one. SCG-7901 orthotopic models have been established by other researchers, whereas this is the first time that an animal model was created from the BGC-823 gastric cancer cell line with surgical orthotopic implantation of tumor tissue.

Research frontiers

Orthotopic implantation technique plays an important role in establishing an animal model of various tumors, including gastric cancer, which can not only simulate clinical cancer development but also facilitate metastasis occurrence. Moreover, the procedure of orthotopic implantation has been improved from the “sewing” method to the “adhering” one. The latter’s performance has greatly simplified the surgical operation course. In addition, the BGC-823 gastric cancer model has not been constructed by others, and shows different tumor characteristics compares with the SCG-7901 model.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Orthotopic implantation with “glue paste technique” is a new, popular and convenient method used for the establishment of orthotopic animal models in recent years. The results regarding the BGC-823 gastric cancer model in this study are the first to be reported, and make it possible that researchers can learn the different biological characteristics of gastric cancer models from different cell lines.

Applications

Establishment of the BGC-823 gastric cancer model provides evidence for researchers to learn the biological differences between animal models from different gastric cancer cell lines, which can help them to choose an appropriate model to tailor their research.

Terminology

Surgical orthotopic implantation is defined as tumor cells in the form of suspension or fragments which are orthotopically implanted into the related organs.

Peer review

The study is aimed to develop gastric cancer models from different cell lines and analyze the difference of biological behavior in many aspects, in order to provide evidence for researchers to choose an appropriate experimental carrier and therapy target for clinical trials. The present research is valuable for clinical doctors and researchers.