Role of sex steroid receptors in pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 3 Estrogen receptor and androgen receptor expression in normal and non-cancerous liver tissue samples

Receptor protein/mRNA	Type of liver tissue	Subjects	Positive cases	Method	Country	Yr	Reference
Estrogen Receptor (ER)
ER protein (cytosolic)	Normal liver tissue	4 F	4 F	BA	United Kingdom	1978	[28]
ER protein	Normal	3 F	3 F	BA	Germany	1978	[59]
ER protein	Normal	2 M	2 M	BA	United States	1982	[30]
ER protein	Normal	1 M, 5 F	1 M, 5 F	BA	Germany	1982	[60]
ER protein	Normal	3 M, 3 F	3 M, 3 F	BA	United States	1983	[61]
ER protein (cytosolic & nuclear)	Normal	2 M, 2 F	2 M, 2 F	BA	United Kingdom	1983	[31]
ER protein (cytosolic)	Surrounding liver tissue	30	13	BA	Japan	1986	[13]
ER protein (cytosolic & nuclear)	Non-cancerous tissue	7	3	BA	Japan	1986	[17]
ER protein (cytosolic & nuclear)	Normal	NA	NA	BA	United States	1987	[62]
ER protein (cytosolic)	Non-cirrhotic liver	5 M, 7 F	5 M, 7 F	BA, EIA	Japan	1987	[32]
ER protein	Normal	2	2		Japan	1988	[63]
ER protein (cytosolic)	Surrounding liver tissue	17	11	BA	Japan	1989	[15]
ER protein	Surrounding non-cancerous tissue	22	14	NA	Japan	1989	[64]
ER protein (cytosolic)	Surrounding normal liver	4 M, 1 F	4 M, 1 F	BA	Japan	1990	[35]
ER protein	Adjacent normal tissue	6 M, 3 F	6 M, 3 F	BA	Italy, United States	1991	[33]
ER protein (cytosolic)	Non-tumoral liver	18 M, 8 F	9 M, 2 F	BA	Spain	1993	[41]
ER mRNA	Non-tumorous liver tissue	13	7	ISH	Italy	1993	[40]
ER mRNA	Peri-tumor tissue	32	28	RT-PCR	Korea	2006	[52]
Androgen Receptor (AR)
AR protein (cytosolic & nuclear)	Normal	2 M, 2 F	0	BA	United Kingdom	1983	[31]
AR protein (cytosolic & nuclear)	Non-cancerous tissue	6	1	BA	Japan	1986	[17]
AR protein (cytosolic)	Non-neoplastic liver tissues	17	11	BA	Japan	1989	[15]
AR protein	Surrounding non-cancerous tissues	21	7	NA	Japan	1989	[64]
AR protein (cytosolic)	Surrounding liver	9 M, 1 F	7 M, 1 F	BA	Japan	1990	[35]
AR protein	Adjacent normal tissue	6 M, 3 F	6 M, 3 F	NA	Italy, United States	1991	[33]
AR mRNA	Peri-tumor tissue	23 M, 9 F	23 M, 9 F	RT-PCR	Korea	2006	[52]

BA: Binding assay; EIA: Enzyme immunoassay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; M: Male; F: Female; NA: Information not available.