Research advances in targeting claudin 18.2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment

Figure 1 Signaling pathway of claudin 18. 2. When the generated second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate activates protein kinase A (PKA) in tumor cells, the activated PKA enters the nucleus and phosphorylates cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). When the claudin 18.2 promoter region has an unmethylated functional CRE, binding to CREB can occur to drive claudin 18.2 overexpression. CLDN18.2: Claudin 18.2; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CRE: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element; CREB: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein.

Figure 2 Targeted treatments for claudin 18. 2-positive tumors. The main forms employ monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies. CLDN18.2: Claudin 18.2; mAb: Monoclonal antibodies; ADC: Antibody drug conjugates; BsAb: Bispecific antibodies; CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor T cell; CD3: Cluster of differentiation 3.