Artificial intelligence for kinematic (procedural motion) analysis in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review

Figure 1  Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram.

Figure 2 Hierarchical taxonomy of artificial intelligence domains in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Four tiers are arranged along the horizontal axis by their proximity to direct motion-signal analysis: (1) Tier 1 [true kinematic artificial intelligence (AI), direct motion signal]; (2) Tier 2 (proxy kinematic inference, vision-derived motion); (3) Tier 3 (workflow intelligence, phase recognition); and (4) Tier 4 (procedural quality-assurance systems, landmark classification). The vertical axis represents translational maturity (regulatory approval, clinical randomized controlled trial, prospective/retrospective, algorithm/external validation, engineering/simulation). The dashed-line box denotes the strict kinematic definition (Tiers 1-2) used in the pre-specified sensitivity analysis. Boxes with bold black borders mark domains with clinical-trial (randomized controlled trial) evidence. Adjacent AI ecosystems – surgical AI (left) and diagnostic AI/computer-aided detection/computer-aided diagnosis (right) – are shown for translational reference. AI: Artificial intelligence; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SLAM: Simultaneous localization and mapping; 3D: Three-dimensional; ADR: Adenoma detection rate; CADe: Computer-aided detection; CADx: Computer-aided diagnosis; CAQ: Computer-aided quality; CE: Conformée Européenne; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; MFDS: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; QA: Quality-assurance.