Interplay between cardiometabolic risk factors in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Clinical evidence on cardiovascular disease

Figure 1 The schematic highlights the histological transitions and clinical outcomes. Redrawn and modified by the authors. Clinical data and progression rates are adapted from Stefan et al[308] (Cell Metab 2023) and Younossi et al[6] (Clin Mol Hepatol 2025). Citation: Stefan N, Schick F, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, White MF. The role of hepatokines in NAFLD. Cell Metab 2023; 35: 236-252. Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. (Supplementary material). Younossi ZM, Kalligeros M, Henry L. Epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2025; 31: S32-S50. Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by the Korean Association for the Study of the Liver. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/3.0/). MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; T2D: Type 2 diabetes.

Figure 2 Interrelationship of the metabolic and pathophysiological factors between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, adipose tissue metabolism, insulin resistance, and the development of cardiovascular disease. MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SNS: Sympathetic nervous system.

Figure 3 Pathophysiological mechanisms that link metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease to cardiovascular disease. MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SNS: Sympathetic nervous system; CAC: Coronary artery calcification; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CHD: Coronary heart disease; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; AF: Atrial fibrillation; QTc: Heart rate-corrected QT; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: Left ventricular; LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy.