Reviving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in fatty liver disease: From herbal formula to nuclear receptor targeting

Figure 1 Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment modulates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-centered pathways in experimental models. All mechanisms shown are preclinical and require translational validation. ACOX1: Acyl-CoA oxidase 1; AMPK: Adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; BAs: Bile acids; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A; FA: Fatty acid; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; HMGCS2: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2; IL: Interleukin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; SREBP: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.