From risk stratification to precision surveillance: Interpreting early-warning models after laparoscopic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Conceptual framework for risk-stratified surveillance in hepatocellular carcinoma after laparoscopic resection. The figure illustrates the integration of clinical, tumor-related, inflammatory, and hepatic functional variables into predictive models such as least absolute shrinkage and selection operator or machine learning algorithms. Based on model outputs, patients are stratified into low-risk and high-risk groups, enabling tailored follow-up strategies and early intervention to improve clinical outcomes. LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; FU: Follow-up; ML: Machine learning.