Periodontitis combined with smoking increases risk of the ulcerative colitis: A national cohort study

Figure 1 Cumulative incidence of ulcerative colitis in patients with and without periodontitis.

Figure 2 Subgroup analysis of the comparative risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in patients with periodontitis compared with those without periodontitis. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. A: Ulcerative colitis; B: Crohn’s disease. HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 3 The risk for developing ulcerative colitis with age and cigarette smoking behavior in the periodontitis and non-periodontitis groups. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. A: All ages; B: Age < 65; C: Age ≥ 65. HR: Hazard ratio.