Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of hepatic encephalopathy in advanced liver disease: A meta-analysis

Figure 1 Flowchart of the literature search.

Figure 2 Forest plot to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor use and hepatic encephalopathy with a subgroup analysis based on study design. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 3 Sensitivity analysis excluding data from conference abstracts. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 4 Sensitivity analysis focusing on patients without past hepatic encephalopathy episodes. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 5 Forest plot to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor use and hepatic encephalopathy with stratification analyses based on study design and definition of proton pump inhibitor use. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 6 Forest plot to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor use and hepatic encephalopathy with a subgroup analysis based on the study location. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 7 Forest plot to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor use and hepatic encephalopathy with a subgroup analysis based on the type of advanced liver disease. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 8 Forest plot to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor use and hepatic encephalopathy with a subgroup analysis based on the outcomes analyzed. CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Figure 9 Funnel plot assessing publication bias.