Mechanistic insights of rapid liver regeneration after associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for stage hepatectomy

Figure 1 Mechanisms of liver regeneration after liver injury. Green arrow indicates strong induction, orange arrow indicates secondary induction. NPCs: Non-parenchymal cells; IL-6: Interleukin-6; HGF: Hepatic growth factor; TGF-α: Tumor growth factor-alpha; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular-endothelial growth factor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; STAT-3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription.

Figure 2 Mechanisms of liver regeneration after associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. Green arrow indicates strong induction, orange arrow indicates secondary induction. IL-6: Interleukin-6; TGF-α: Tumor growth factor-alpha; STAT-3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; CINC-1: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1; ALPPS: Associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy.

Figure 3 Cascade of mechanisms involved in liver regeneration after associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. STAT-3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; NPCs: Non-parenchymal cells; IL-6: Interleukin-6.