Role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis of human acute liver failure: Clinical implications for monitoring and therapy

Figure 1 Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Extracellular ATP is sensed by the P2X7 purinergic receptor and results in potassium efflux and recruitment of pannexin. Activation may also be induced by large particles such as uric acid, and lysosomal damage after phagocytosis of these particles induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Reactive oxygen species also contribute to inflammasome activation. Activation of the inflammasome results in caspase-1 and IL-1β secretion.

Figure 2 Temporal change in infections in acute liver failure. ¹Adapted from Rolando et al[28]; ²Adapted from Wade et al[37]; ³Adapted from Karvellas et al[29].