Autofluorescence imaging and magnification endoscopy

Figure 1 Normal esophageal mucosa. A: Normal vascular pattern above the gastroesophageal (GE) junction visualized in white light endoscopy; B: Autofluorescence imaging of the normal mucosa and vascular pattern above the GE junction; C: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging depicting the submucosal vessels in cyan and intrapapillary capillary loops in brown.

Figure 2 Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the gastroesophageal junction. A: Elevated irregular mucosa with abnormal vascular pattern, difficult to see in white light endoscopy in retroflexion, immediately below the gastroesophageal junction; B: Autofluorescence imaging showing the lesion extension in magenta, with surrounding green normal mucosa; C: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging showing irregular, thick and distorted mucosal vessels characteristic for tumor angiogenesis.

Figure 3 Early gastric adenocarcinoma at the level of the gastric angle. A: Irregular ulcer visualized in white light endoscopy (WLE); B: Autofluorescence imaging showing in magenta the neoplastic margins and a larger lesion extension, as compared with WLE; C: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging showing a modified pit pattern, with irregular and distorted vascular pattern in the center suggesting high-grade dysplasia/ early cancer, and with villous pits and light blue crest sign in the margins suggesting intestinal metaplasia.

Figure 4 Gastric polyp with moderate dysplasia. A: White light endoscopy showing a 10 mm gastric polyp; B: Autofluorescence imaging with magenta areas on the surface of the polyp, surrounded by green normal mucosa; C: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging showing a modified pit pattern of the mucosa with an increased number of capillaries.