Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on hepatic microcirculation disturbance induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion

Figure 1 Chemical structure of notoginsenoside (R1).

Figure 2 Effect of R1 on the terminal portal venular diameter (A) and central venular diameter (B) of hepatic venules of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the ratio of the diameter value at a time point to the baseline. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 3 Effect of R1 on the RBC velocity in terminal portal venules (A) and in central veins (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the ratio of the RBC velocity value at a time point to the baseline. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 4 Effect of R1 on the perfused hepatic sinusoids in the areas of terminal portal venules (A) and in the area of central veins (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the ratio of perfused sinusoids at a time point to the baseline. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 5 Effect of R1 on the rolling leukocytes in the areas of terminal portal venules (A) and central veins (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the number of rolling leukocytes per 200 &mgr;m. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 6 Effect of R1 on the adherent leukocytes in terminal portal venules (A) and central veins (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the number of adherent leukocytes per 200 &mgr;m. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 7 Effect of R1 on the adherent leukocytes in the hepatic sinusoids in the areas of terminal portal veins (A) and central veins (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R at 0 min before ischemia (Baseline) and 15 min, 30 min after reperfusion. Abscissa represents the number of adherent leukocytes per field of view of 200 &mgr;m². The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 8 Expression of E-selectin in mouse hepatic sinusoid in sham (A), I/R (B) and R1 + I/R (C) after 30 min of reperfusion. HN: hepatocyte nucleus; EN: endothelium nucleus; HS: hepatic sinusoid; Bar indicates 20 &mgr;m.

Figure 9 Effect of R1 on the expression of E-selectin in hepatic vessels (A) and CD18 and CD11b in neutrophils (B) of mice subjected to SMA I/R. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.

Figure 10 Effect of R1 on the concentration of LDH, ALT and AST in serum of mice subjected to SMA I/R. The results are presented as mean ± SE from 6 animals. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.05 vs I/R.