Defensive nature of Sargassum polycystum (Brown alga) against acetaminophen-induced toxic hepatitis in rats: Role of drug metabolizing microsomal enzyme system, tumor necrosis factor-α and fate of liver cell structural integrity

Figure 1 Various effects of S. polycystum against acetaminophen-induced toxic hepatitis in rats. A: Effect of S. polycystum on cytochrome P450 during acetaminophen-induced toxic hepatitis; B: Efficacy of S. polycystum on cytochrome b₅ against acetaminophen-induced toxic hepatitis; C: Effect of S. polycystum on the status of microsomal cytochrome P450 reductase. Values are expressed as mean ± SD for six rats. ^bP < 0.01 vs group I, ^dP < 0.001 vs group II, ^aP < 0.05 vs group I.

Figure 2 Effect of S. polycystum on TNF-α in serum of control and experimental group of rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SD for six rats. ^aP < 0.05 vs group I, ^bP < 0.01 vs group I, ^dP < 0.001 vs group II.

Figure 3 Structural features of liver examined by transmission electron microscopy. A: Normal cellular structure of rat liver without any destruction; B, C and D: Effect of acetaminophen on fine ultrastructural changes during toxic hepatitis in rats; E, F, G and H: Effect of S. polycystum against acetaminophen-induced alterations in structural integrity during toxic hepatitis.