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Huang K, Qian T, Chen W, Lao M, Li H, Lin WC, Chen BW, Bai X, Gao S, Ma T, Liang T. The role of adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization following repeated curative resection/ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma with early recurrence: a propensity score matching analysis. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:620. [PMID: 38773564 PMCID: PMC11110442 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) following repeated resection/ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of adjuvant TACE following repeated resection or ablation in patients with early recurrent HCC. METHODS Information for patients who underwent repeated surgery or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for early recurrent HCCs (< 2 years) at our institution from January 2017 to December 2020 were collected. Patients were divided into adjuvant TACE and observation groups according to whether they received adjuvant TACE or not. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the two groups before and after propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS Of the 225 patients enrolled, the median time of HCC recurrence was 11 months (IQR, 6-16 months). After repeated surgery or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for recurrent tumors, 45 patients (20%) received adjuvant TACE while the remaining 180 (80%) didn't. There were no significant differences in RFS (P = 0.325) and OS (P = 0.072) between adjuvant TACE and observation groups before PSM. There were also no significant differences in RFS (P = 0.897) and OS (P = 0.090) between the two groups after PSM. Multivariable analysis suggested that multiple tumors, liver cirrhosis, and RFA were independent risk factors for the re-recurrence of HCC. CONCLUSION Adjuvant TACE after repeated resection or ablation for early recurrent HCCs was not associated with a long-term survival benefit in this single-center cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiquan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tao Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Mengyi Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wei-Chiao Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bryan Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shunliang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Tran NH, Muñoz S, Thompson S, Hallemeier CL, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma downstaging for liver transplantation in the era of systemic combined therapy with anti-VEGF/TKI and immunotherapy. Hepatology 2022; 76:1203-1218. [PMID: 35765265 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a global health challenge affecting close to 1 million cases yearly. Liver transplantation provides the best long-term outcomes for those meeting strict criteria. Efforts have been made to expand these criteria, whereas others have attempted downstaging approaches. Although locoregional approaches to downstaging are appealing and have demonstrated efficacy, limitations and challenges exists including poor imaging modality to assess response and appropriate endpoints along the process. Recent advances in systemic treatments including immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have prompted the discussion regarding their role for downstaging disease prior to transplantation. Here, we provide a review of prior locoregional approaches for downstaging, new systemic agents and their role for downstaging, and finally, key and critical considerations of the assessment, endpoints, and optimal designs in clinical trials to address this key question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen H Tran
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- BCLC GroupLiver UnitHospital Clinic BarcelonaIDIBAPSCIBEREHDUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Scott Thompson
- Division of Vascular and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of RadiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Jordi Bruix
- BCLC GroupLiver UnitHospital Clinic BarcelonaIDIBAPSCIBEREHDUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Gupta P, Kalra N, Chaluvashetty SB, Gamangatti S, Mukund A, Abdul R, Shyam VS, Baijal SS, Mohan C. Indian College of Radiology and Imaging Guidelines on Interventions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2022; 32:540-554. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1754361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and a significant cause of cancer-related death. Treatment of HCC depends on the stage of the tumor. As many patients with HCC are not deemed fit for surgical resection or liver transplantation, locoregional therapies play an essential role in the management. Image-guided locoregional treatments include percutaneous ablative therapies and endovascular therapies. The choice of an individual or a combination of therapies is guided by the tumor and patient characteristics. As the outcomes of image-guided locoregional treatments depend on the ability to achieve necrosis of the entire tumor along with a safety margin around it, it is mandatory to follow standard guidelines. In this manuscript, we discuss in detail the various aspects of image-guided locoregional therapies to guide interventional radiologists involved in the care of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sreedhara B. Chaluvashetty
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Amar Mukund
- Department of Interventional Radiology, ILBS, New Delhi, India
| | - Razik Abdul
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - VS Shyam
- Department of Interventional Radiology, ILBS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Chander Mohan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, BLK Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Can "no-touch" radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma improve local tumor control? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2022; 33:545-554. [PMID: 35907024 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but local tumor progression (LTP) has been a main limitation of RFA. This study aims to evaluate the LTP of percutaneous no-touch RFA (NtRFA) for HCC ≤ 5 cm and compare with conventional RFA (intratumoral puncture) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies on percutaneous NtRFA for HCC ≤ 5 cm. The pooled proportions of the overall and cumulative incidence rates at 1, 2, and 3 years for LTP after NtRFA were assessed using a random-effects model. For studies comparing NtRFA with conventional RFA, relative risks (RR) and hazard ratios (HR) were meta-analytically pooled with LTP as the outcome. RESULTS Twelve studies with 900 patients were included. The pooled overall rate of LTP after NtRFA was 6% (95% CI, 4-8%). The pooled 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative incidence rates of LTP were 3% (95% CI, 2-5%), 5% (95% CI, 3- 9%), and 8% (95% CI, 6-11%), respectively. Compared to conventional RFA, the pooled RR and HR of LTP were 0.26 (95% CI, 0.16-0.41) and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.11-0.70), respectively (both p < 0.01). Subgroup analysis including only randomized controlled studies also showed better local tumor control of NtRFA with HR of 0.13 (95% CI, 0.14-0.42). CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous NtRFA is an effective treatment for HCC ≤ 5 cm with an overall LTP rate of 6% and provides lower LTP compared with conventional RFA. KEY POINTS • The pooled 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative incidence rates of local tumor progression after no-touch radiofrequency ablation for HCC ≤ 5 cm were 3% (95% CI, 2-5%), 5% (95% CI, 3-9%), and 8% (95% CI, 6-11%). • No-touch radiofrequency ablation had significantly lower rates of local tumor progression compared to conventional radiofrequency ablation (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.70; relative risk, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.16-0.41; p < 0.01, respectively).
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Radiofrequency ablation versus trans-arterial chemoembolization in patients with HCC awaiting liver transplant: an analysis of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022; 33:1222-1229.e1. [PMID: 35777619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate differences in waitlist mortality/dropout for liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who undergo radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). MATERIAL AND METHODS From 2004-2013, 11,824 patients in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) with HCC who underwent RFA or TACE. Patients were followed until December 31, 2019 or 5 years, whichever came first and stratified by Milan criteria. Competing risk and Cox regression analyses to compare waitlist mortality/dropout were performed with adjusted hazard ratios (asHR, reference group RFA). Regression models were adjusted for age, race, sex, calculated Model for End Stage Liver Disease (cMELD) score, tumor size, and number. RESULTS There was no difference in waitlist mortality/dropout for patients outside Milan criteria (N = 1,226) between TACE (19.2%) compared to RFA (19.0%) (asHR 0.91; 95% CI 0.79-1.03). There was also no difference for patients inside Milan criteria (N = 10,598) in waitlist mortality/dropout (TACE 13.4% vs. RFA 12.9%) (asHR 1.29; 95% CI 0.79-2.09). Subgroup analysis within Milan criteria demonstrated no evidence of difference in TACE compared to RFA in patients with single tumor ≤3 cm (asHR 0.92; 95% CI 0.77-1.10), single tumor > 3 cm (asHR 1.03; 95% CI 0.79-1.34), or with > 1 tumor (asHR 0.89; 95% CI 0.72-1.09). CONCLUSION Using national registry data, no difference was found in waitlist mortality/dropout for transplant candidates with HCC who received TACE vs. RFA.
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Hendriquez R, Keihanian T, Goyal J, Abraham RR, Mishra R, Girotra M. Radiofrequency ablation in the management of primary hepatic and biliary tumors. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:203-215. [PMID: 35116111 PMCID: PMC8790419 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 80%-90% of primary hepatic tumors are hepatocellular carcinomas and 10%-15% are cholangiocarcinomas (CCA), both with high mortality rate, particularly CCA, which portends a worse prognosis. Traditional management with surgery has good outcomes in appropriately selected patients; however, novel ablative treatment options have emerged, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which can improve the prognosis of both hepatic and biliary tumors. RFA is aimed to generate an area of necrosis within the targeted tissue by applying thermal therapy via an electrode, with a goal to completely eradicate the tumor while preserving surrounding healthy tissue. Role of RFA in management of hepatic and biliary tumors forms the focus of our current mini-review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hendriquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Tara Keihanian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Jatinder Goyal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wellspan Digestive Health - York Hospital, York, PA 17403, United States
| | - Rtika R Abraham
- Department of Endocrinology, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Rajnish Mishra
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology and Interventional Endoscopy, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Mohit Girotra
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology and Interventional Endoscopy, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
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Wang F, Numata K, Takeda A, Ogushi K, Fukuda H, Nihonmatsu H, Hara K, Chuma M, Tsurugai Y, Maeda S. Optimal application of stereotactic body radiotherapy and radiofrequency ablation treatment for different multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma lesions in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A4-B1: a pilot study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1169. [PMID: 34717577 PMCID: PMC8557576 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, many hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A4-B1 cannot receive the curative treatments of liver transplantation, resection, and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which are the recommended options according to liver cancer guidelines. Our aim is to study the feasibility of RFA and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as a curative treatment for different multifocal HCCs in BCLC stage A4-B1 patients. METHODS From September 2014 to August 2019, 39 multifocal HCC lesions (median diameter: 16.6 mm) from 15 patients (median age: 73 years) were retrospectively selected. Among them, 23 were treated by RFA and the other 16 by SBRT because of predictable insufficiency and/or risk related to RFA performance. The indicators for evaluating this novel therapy were the tumor response, prognosis (recurrence and survival), and adverse effects (deterioration of laboratory test values and severe complications). RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 31.3 months (range: 15.1-71.9 months). The total patients with a one-year complete response, stable disease, or disease progression were 11, 1, and 3, respectively. In total, 8 and 2 patients had confronted intrahepatic or local recurrence, respectively. The one-year progression-free survival rate and local control rate were 80% (12/15 patients) and 97.4% (38/39 lesions), respectively. The median time to progression was 20.1 (2.8-45.1) months. The one- and two-year survival rates were 100 and 88.9%, respectively. In up to five months' observation, no patient showed severe complications. Seven, four, and two patients had slight changes in their white blood cells, platelet count, or albumin-bilirubin grade, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For patients with BCLC stage A4-B1, RFA and SBRT treatment for different multifocal HCCs may be a potential option because of the favorable prognosis and safety. However, before its application in clinical practice, prospective, controlled, large-scale studies are needed to further confirm our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqian Wang
- Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kazushi Numata
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Atsuya Takeda
- Radiation Oncology Center, Ofuna Chuo Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-0056, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Ogushi
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuda
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nihonmatsu
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Koji Hara
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Makoto Chuma
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Tsurugai
- Radiation Oncology Center, Ofuna Chuo Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-0056, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Histological Correlation for Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation in the Local Control of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) before Liver Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010104. [PMID: 33396289 PMCID: PMC7795634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver cancer is a growing problem around the world. Drugs for liver cancer have limited effect, there are not enough donors for liver transplants and many patients are not candidates for surgery to remove the tumor. In many of these cases, hyperthermia can destroy the tumor in situ with minimally invasive methods such as radiofrequency or microwave ablation. In this paper we review the literature evaluating success rates for complete ablation as judged by actual examination of treated tumors that were removed when patients received a liver transplant. While notable successes can be achieved with ablation, the published studies indicate both that complete treatment is not as common as thought and that imaging methods such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance scans do not completely identify residual cancer. There is therefore an important opportunity for improvement in the treatment of this disease. Abstract Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are the most widely studied and applied ablation techniques for treating primary and secondary liver tumors. These techniques are considered curative for small hepatic tumors, with post-ablation outcomes most commonly assessed by an imaging follow up. However, there is increasing evidence of a discrepancy between radiological and pathological findings when ablated lesions are evaluated following liver resection or liver transplantation. A comprehensive review of the available literature reporting the complete pathological response (cPR) following RFA and MWA was performed to estimate the success rate and identify the factors associated with treatment failure. Following RFA, cPR is reported in 26–96% of tumors compared to 57–95% with MWA. Larger tumor size and vessels larger than 3 mm adjacent to the treated tumor are the most important factors identified by previous studies associated with viable residual tumors after RFA. Correlating post-ablation radiological studies with pathological findings shows that computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have low sensitivity but high specificity for detecting residual viable or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors. There are promising recent reports combining multiprobe ablation techniques with three-dimensional treatment planning software and stereotactic-aiming instrumentation to achieve more than 90% cPR in both small and large HCC tumors. In conclusion, the reported success for achieving cPR in HCC following RFA and MWA is highly variable in different studies and decreases with increasing lesion size and unfavorable tumor characteristics. Very few studies have reported a high rate of cPR. As these studies are single-center and retrospective, they need to be further validated and reproduced in other clinical settings.
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Satiya J, Schwartz I, Tabibian JH, Kumar V, Girotra M. Ablative therapies for hepatic and biliary tumors: endohepatology coming of age. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:15. [PMID: 32258519 PMCID: PMC7063520 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ablative therapies refer to minimally invasive procedures performed to destroy abnormal tissue that may arise with many conditions, and can be achieved clinically using chemical, thermal, and other techniques. In this review article, we explore the different ablative therapies used in the management of hepatic and biliary malignancies, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), with a particular focus on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinendra Satiya
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional GME Consortium, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Ingrid Schwartz
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James H. Tabibian
- Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UPMC Susquehanna, Williamsport, PA, USA
| | - Mohit Girotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Bale R, Schullian P, Eberle G, Putzer D, Zoller H, Schneeberger S, Manzl C, Moser P, Oberhuber G. Stereotactic Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Histopathological Study in Explanted Livers. Hepatology 2019; 70:840-850. [PMID: 30520063 PMCID: PMC6766867 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional (3D)-navigated multiprobe radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with intraprocedural image fusion for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by histopathological examination. From 2009 to 2018, 97 patients (84 men, 13 women; median age, 60 years; range, 1-71) were transplanted after bridging therapy of 195 HCCs by stereotactic RFA (SRFA). The median interval between the first SRFA and transplantation was 6.8 months (range, 0-71). The rate of residual vital tissue (RVT) could be assessed in 188 of 195 lesions in 96 of 97 patients by histological examination of the explanted livers using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Tdt-mediated UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stains. Histopathological results were compared with the findings of the last computed tomography (CT) imaging before liver transplantation (LT). Median number and size of treated tumors were 1 (range, 1-8) and 2.5 cm (range, 1-8). Complete radiological response was achieved in 186 of 188 nodules (98.9%) and 94 of 96 patients (97.9%) and complete pathological response in the explanted liver specimen in 183 of 188 nodules (97.3%) and 91 of 96 patients (94.8%), respectively. In lesions ≥3 cm, complete tumor cell death was achieved in 50 of 52 nodules (96.2%). Residual tumor did not correlate with tumor size (P = 0.5). Conclusion: Multiprobe SRFA with intraprocedural image fusion represents an efficient, minimally invasive therapy for HCC, even with tumor sizes larger than 3 cm, and without the need of a combination with additional treatments. The results seem to justify the additional efforts related to the stereotactic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Bale
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Oncology ‐ Microinvasive TherapyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Schullian
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Oncology ‐ Microinvasive TherapyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Gernot Eberle
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Oncology ‐ Microinvasive TherapyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Daniel Putzer
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Oncology ‐ Microinvasive TherapyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Departments of Medicine II Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Claudia Manzl
- PathologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- INNPATH, Institute of Pathology, Tirol Kliniken InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- INNPATH, Institute of Pathology, Tirol Kliniken InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imaging plays a key role in the assessment of patients before, during, and after percutaneous cryoablation of hepatic tumors. Intra-procedural and early post-procedure imaging with CT and MRI is vital to the assessment of technical success including adequacy of ablation zone coverage. Recognition of the normal expected post-procedure findings of hepatic cryoablation such as ice ball formation, hydrodissection, and the normal appearance of the ablation zone is crucial to be able to differentiate from complications including vascular, biliary, or non-target organ injury. Delayed imaging is essential for determination of clinical effectiveness and detection of unexpected findings such as residual unablated tumor and local tumor progression. The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum of expected and unexpected imaging findings that may occur during or after percutaneous cryoablation of hepatic tumors. CONCLUSION Differentiating expected from unexpected findings during and after hepatic cryoablation helps radiologists identify residual or recurrent tumor and detect procedure-related complications.
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12
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Lee DH, Lee JM, Kim PN, Jang YJ, Kang TW, Rhim H, Seo JW, Lee YJ. Whole tumor ablation of locally recurred hepatocellular carcinoma including retained iodized oil after transarterial chemoembolization improves progression-free survival. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:5052-5062. [PMID: 30770968 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare clinical outcomes of two different radiofrequency ablation (RFA) methods for locally recurred hepatocellular carcinoma (LrHCC) after locoregional treatment. METHODS Our institutional review board approved this study with a waiver of informed consent. A total of 313 patients previously treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) (n = 167) and RFA (n = 146) with a single LrHCC ≤ 3 cm was included from five tertiary referral hospitals. RFA was done for LrHCCs using either viable tumor alone ablation (VTA) method (VTA: n = 61 in the TACE group and n = 127 in the RFA group) or whole tumor ablation (WTA) method which includes both viable tumor and retained iodized oil or previously ablated zone (WTA: n = 106 in the TACE group and n = 19 in the RFA group). Local tumor progression (LTP)-free survival as well as progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS In 167 patients with LrHCC who underwent TACE, the 5-year LTP-free survival after RFA was significantly higher with the VTA method than with the WTA method (26.9% vs. 87.8%; p < 0.001; hazard ratio (HR) = 8.53 [4.16-17.5]). The estimated 5-year PFS after RFA for LrHCC after TACE using the VTA method was 5.7%, which was significantly lower than that with the WTA method (26.4%) (p = 0.014; HR = 1.62 [1.10-2.38]). However, in 146 patients with LrHCC after initial RFA, there were no significant differences in cumulative incidence of LTP (p = 0.514) or PFS (p = 0.905) after RFA between the two ablation methods. CONCLUSIONS For RFA of LrHCC after TACE, the WTA method including both viable tumor and retained iodized oil could significantly lower LTP and improve PFS than VTA. KEY POINTS • Whole tumor ablation (WTA) could provide significantly better local tumor control for locally recurred HCC (LrHCC) after TACE than viable tumor alone ablation (VTA). • WTA for LrHCC after TACE could also provide significantly better progression-free survival than VTA. • Regarding LrHCC after RFA, VTA would provide a comparable clinical outcome to WTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea. .,Institute of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Pyo Nyun Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jin Jang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunchul Rhim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Wook Seo
- Department of Radiology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim TH, Choi HI, Kim BR, Kang JH, Nam JG, Park SJ, Lee S, Yoon JH, Lee DH, Joo I, Lee JM. No-Touch Radiofrequency Ablation of VX2 Hepatic Tumors In Vivo in Rabbits: A Proof of Concept Study. Korean J Radiol 2018; 19:1099-1109. [PMID: 30386141 PMCID: PMC6201983 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In a proof of concept study, we compared no-touch radiofrequency ablation (NtRFA) in bipolar mode with conventional direct tumor puncture (DTP) in terms of local tumor control (LTC), peritoneal seeding, and tumorigenic factors, in the rabbit VX2 subcapsular hepatic tumor model. Materials and Methods Sixty-two rabbits with VX2 subcapsular hepatic tumors were divided into three groups according to the procedure: DTP-RFA (n = 25); NtRFA (n = 25); and control (n = 12). Each of the three groups was subdivided into two sets for pathologic analysis (n = 24) or computed tomography (CT) follow-up for 6 weeks after RFA (n = 38). Ultrasonography-guided DTP-RFA and NtRFA were performed nine days after tumor implantation. LTC was defined by either achievement of complete tumor necrosis on histopathology or absence of local tumor progression on follow-up CT and autopsy. Development of peritoneal seeding was also compared among the groups. Serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured via ELISA (Elabscience Biotechnology Co.) after RFA for tumorigenic factor evaluation. Results Regarding LTC, there was a trend in NtRFA (80%, 20/25) toward better ablation than in DTP-RFA (56%, 14/25) (p = 0.069). Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in 54.5% of DTP-RFA (6/11) and 90.9% of NtRFA (10/11). Peritoneal seeding was significantly more common in DTP-RFA (71.4%, 10/14) than in NtRFA (21.4%, 3/14) (p = 0.021) or control (0%). Elevations of HGF, VEGF or IL-6 were not detected in any group. Conclusion No-touch radiofrequency ablation led to lower rates of peritoneal seeding and showed a tendency toward better LTC than DTP-RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyoung In Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ju Gang Nam
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sae Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ijin Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Gordic S, Corcuera-Solano I, Stueck A, Besa C, Argiriadi P, Guniganti P, King M, Kihira S, Babb J, Thung S, Taouli B. Evaluation of HCC response to locoregional therapy: Validation of MRI-based response criteria versus explant pathology. J Hepatol 2017; 67:1213-1221. [PMID: 28823713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study evaluates the performance of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) response criteria for the prediction of complete pathologic necrosis (CPN) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) post locoregional therapy (LRT) using explant pathology as a reference. METHODS We included 61 patients (male/female 46/15; mean age 60years) who underwent liver transplantation after LRT with transarterial chemoembolization plus radiofrequency or microwave ablation (n=56), or 90Yttrium radioembolization (n=5). MRI was performed <90days before liver transplantation. Three independent readers assessed the following criteria: RECIST, EASL, modified RECIST (mRECIST), percentage of necrosis on subtraction images, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), both qualitative (signal intensity) and quantitative (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]). The degree of necrosis was retrospectively assessed at histopathology. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's kappa were used to assess inter-reader agreement. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to determine imaging predictors of CPN. Pearson correlation was performed between imaging criteria and pathologic degree of tumor necrosis. RESULTS A total of 97HCCs (mean size 2.3±1.3cm) including 28 with CPN were evaluated. There was excellent inter-reader agreement (ICC 0.77-0.86, all methods). EASL, mRECIST, percentage of necrosis and qualitative DWI were all significant (p<0.001) predictors of CPN, while RECIST and ADC were not. EASL, mRECIST and percentage of necrosis performed similarly (area under the curves [AUCs] 0.810-0.815) while the performance of qualitative DWI was lower (AUC 0.622). Image subtraction demonstrated the strongest correlation (r=0.71-0.72, p<0.0001) with pathologic degree of tumor necrosis. CONCLUSIONS EASL/mRECIST criteria and image subtraction have excellent diagnostic performance for predicting CPN in HCC treated with LRT, with image subtraction correlating best with pathologic degree of tumor necrosis. Thus, MR image subtraction is recommended for assessing HCC response to LRT. LAY SUMMARY The assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor necrosis after locoregional therapy is essential for additional treatment planning and estimation of outcome. In this study, we assessed the performance of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) response criteria (RECIST, mRECIST, EASL, percentage of necrosis on subtraction images, and diffusion-weighted imaging) for the prediction of complete pathologic necrosis of HCC post locoregional therapy on liver explant. Patients who underwent liver transplantation after locoregional therapy were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent routine liver MRI within 90days of liver transplantation. EASL/mRECIST criteria and image subtraction had excellent diagnostic performance for predicting complete pathologic necrosis in treated HCC, with image subtraction correlating best with pathologic degree of tumor necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Gordic
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashley Stueck
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecilia Besa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela Argiriadi
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Preethi Guniganti
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael King
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shingo Kihira
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Babb
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swan Thung
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bachir Taouli
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Rubinstein MM, Kaubisch A, Kinkhabwala M, Reinus J, Liu Q, Chuy JW. Bridging therapy effectiveness in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to orthotopic liver transplantation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:1051-1055. [PMID: 29299366 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.08.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with underlying cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Availability of OLT is limited by donor-organ shortages, which increase patient waiting time until OLT. A variety of bridging therapies (BT) have been used to halt tumor progression in patients on the OLT waiting list. Despite complete radiologic responses following BT, viable tumor is often present in explants. Methods Treatment outcomes were evaluated in 50 patients who had a total of 125 BT for treatment of 93 nodules. Success of BT was assessed by radiologic response compared to histopathological examination of explanted livers. Results Pre-transplant treatments included: transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), alcohol ablation (ETOH), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Fifty-nine (64%) nodules had a complete radiographic response to therapy; however, only 28 nodules (30%) had complete tumor necrosis (CTN) on explant examination. Ten nodules with CTN were treated with TACE alone. Seven of the 28 nodules with CTN were treated with TACE and RFA. Three of seven nodules treated with TACE and SIRT had CTN. Patients underwent a mean of 2.5 BTs. Six of 50 patients (12%) had no residual HCC in their explants. Five of those six patients (83%) had complete response (CR) on pre-transplant imaging. Conclusions Although favorable radiologic responses are seen following BT, viable HCC is seen in the majority of liver explants and radiographic imaging cannot always accurately predict pathological response. This underscores the need for aggressive treatment of patients who otherwise may not be eligible for OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Milan Kinkhabwala
- Montefiore-Einstein Center for Transplantation, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John Reinus
- Montefiore-Einstein Center for Transplantation, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Hirooka M, Koizumi Y, Imai Y, Nakamura Y, Yukimoto A, Watanabe T, Yoshida O, Tokumoto Y, Abe M, Hiasa Y. Clinical utility of multipolar ablation with a 3-D simulator system for patients with liver cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1852-1858. [PMID: 28240420 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study is to confirm the efficacy of multipolar ablation with a new simulator system, three-dimensional (3-D) sim-Navigator, for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma by assessing relapse-free survival and shape of the ablation volume under clinical conditions. METHODS All participants provided written, informed consent, and study protocols were approved by the institutional ethics committee. Twenty-seven patients with 27 nodules were treated by no-touch ablation using the new simulator system. Another 21 patients with 21 nodules treated without the simulator system were enrolled as controls. Tumor progression and shape of ablation volume were assessed. Predictors of tumor progression were assessed by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS No significant differences in clinical characteristics were seen between groups. Mean sphericity was 0.48 ± 0.07 with 3-D sim-Navigator and 0.37 ± 0.07 without 3-D sim-Navigator (P < 0.001). Median surface-to-volume ratio and compactness were also significantly closer to those of a sphere with 3-D sim-Navigator (P = 0.017, P < 0.001). Relapse-free survival rates at 1 and 1.5 years were 94.1% and 82.4%, respectively, with 3-D sim-Navigator, compared with 83.2% and 55.5% without (P = 0.056). The only independent factor predicting relapse-free survival was use of 3-D sim-Navigator (hazard ratio, 0.12; 95%CI, 0.01-0.87; P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Ideal ablation area was acquired by this simulation and navigation system in clinics. This system improved local tumor progression by facilitating appropriate insertion of multiple electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yukimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tokumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Treatment Options in Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:231-251. [PMID: 28364811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) provides a good chance of cure for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). Patients with HCC on a waiting list for LT are at risk for tumor progression and dropout. Treatment of HCC with locoregional therapies may lessen dropout due to tumor progression. Strict selection and adherence to the LT criteria for patients with pCCA before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy are critical for optimal outcome with LT. This article reviews the existing data for the various treatment strategies used for patients with HCC and pCCA awaiting LT.
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18
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Bridging locoregional therapy: Longitudinal trends and outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:136-143. [PMID: 28214240 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze longitudinal trends in locoregional therapy (LRT) use and review locoregional therapy's role in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to orthotropic liver transplantation Porrett et al. (2006) . LRT has a role in both bridge to transplantation and downstaging of patients not initially meeting Milan or UCSF Criteria. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials, no specific bridging LRT modality is recommended over another for treating patients on the waiting list, however each modality has unique and patient-specific advantages. Pre-transplant LRT use in the United States has increased dramatically over the last two decades with more than 50% of the currently listed patients receiving LRT Freeman et al. (2008) . Despite these national trends, significant differences in LRT utilization, referral patterns, recurrence rates and survival have been observed among UNOS regions, socioeconomic levels and races. The use of LRT as a biologic selection tool based on response to treatment has shown promising results in its ability to predict successful post-transplant outcomes.
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19
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She WH, Cheung TT. Bridging and downstaging therapy in patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma waiting on the list of liver transplantation. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:34. [PMID: 28138601 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2016.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary malignancy worldwide especially in the patients with the background of chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative treatment effective for both malignancy as well as the cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Unfortunately, living donor is not always possible and the deceased graft is scarce. Neoadjuvant therapies, therefore, have been developed as a downstaging treatment to try to downstage the tumor within the transplant criteria, or as a bridging therapy to control the tumor growth in patients while waiting in the transplant list. This paper reviewed the common modalities used as bridging and downstaging therapies for patients suffering from HCC before undergoing LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wong Hoi She
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Tan To Cheung
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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20
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Seror O, N'Kontchou G, Nault JC, Rabahi Y, Nahon P, Ganne-Carrié N, Grando V, Zentar N, Beaugrand M, Trinchet JC, Diallo A, Sellier N. Hepatocellular Carcinoma within Milan Criteria: No-Touch Multibipolar Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment-Long-term Results. Radiology 2016; 280:611-21. [PMID: 27010381 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016150743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the long-term outcome in 108 consecutive patients treated with no-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that met the Milan criteria. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the ethical review board, and the need to obtain informed consent was waived. Between November 1, 2006, and December 31, 2011, 132 HCC tumors (diameter, 10-45 mm; 39 tumors ≥ 30 mm) in 108 consecutive patients (106 with cirrhosis) that met Milan criteria were treated with no-touch multibipolar RFA, which consisted of activating, in bipolar mode, three or four electrodes inserted just beyond the tumor margins. Follow-up was performed every 3 months for 2 years and every 6 months thereafter with computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging. Survival probabilities were computed by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Predictive factors of tumor progression and overall survival were assessed by using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results No technical failure occurred, and complete ablation was achieved for all the nodules. After a median of 40.5 months (range, 2-84 months) of follow-up, 3- and 5-year local and overall tumor progression-free survival were 96%, 94%, 52%, and 32%, respectively. Neither tumor diameter greater than 30 mm nor location abutting a large vessel were associated with local tumor progression. Tumor diameter greater than 30 mm was the only parameter predictive of overall tumor progression (P = .0036). Independent factors associated with shorter overall survival were Child-Pugh class B disease, age greater than 65 years, and platelet count of less than 150 g/L (P < .003). Three major complications occurred (2.7%): hemothorax in one patient and liver failure in two, with major portal-systemic shunts. One patient (0.9%) died, and one underwent transplantation. Conclusion No-touch multibipolar RFA for HCC tumors that meet Milan criteria provides a high local tumor progression-free survival rate. An ongoing randomized trial might help to clarify the role of this new approach for the treatment of early HCC. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article. An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on March 30, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Seror
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Gisèle N'Kontchou
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Yacine Rabahi
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Pierre Nahon
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Nathalie Ganne-Carrié
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Véronique Grando
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Nora Zentar
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Michel Beaugrand
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Jean-Claude Trinchet
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Abou Diallo
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
| | - Nicolas Sellier
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.S., Y.R., N.Z., N.S.) and Hepatology (G.N., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., V.G., M.B., J.C.T.), Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., J.C.T.); Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (O.S., J.C.N., P.N., N.G., M.B., J.C.T., N.S.); and Department of Medical Information, l'Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (A.D.)
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Cartier V, Boursier J, Lebigot J, Oberti F, Fouchard-Hubert I, Aubé C. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Mono or multipolar? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:654-60. [PMID: 26414644 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thermo-ablation by radiofrequency is recognized as a curative treatment for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. However, local recurrence may occur because of incomplete peripheral tumor destruction. Multipolar radiofrequency has been developed to increase the size of the maximal ablation zone. We aimed to compare the efficacy of monopolar and multipolar radiofrequency for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and determine factors predicting failure. METHODS A total of 171 consecutive patients with 214 hepatocellular carcinomas were retrospectively included. One hundred fifty-eight tumors were treated with an expandable monopolar electrode and 56 with a multipolar technique using several linear bipolar electrodes. Imaging studies at 6 weeks after treatment, then every 3 months, assessed local effectiveness. Radiofrequency failure was defined as persistent residual tumor after two sessions (primary radiofrequency failure) or local tumor recurrence during follow-up. This study received institutional review board approval (number 2014/77). RESULTS Imaging showed complete tumor ablation in 207 of 214 lesions after the first session of radiofrequency. After a second session, only two cases of residual viable tumor were observed. During follow-up, there were 46 local tumor recurrences. Thus, radiofrequency failure occurred in 48/214 (22.4%) cases. By multivariate analysis, technique (P < 0.001) and tumor size (P = 0.023) were independent predictors of radiofrequency failure. Failure rate was lower with the multipolar technique for tumors < 25 mm (P = 0.023) and for tumors between 25 and 45 mm (P = 0.082). There was no difference for tumors ≥ 45 mm (P = 0.552). CONCLUSIONS Compared to monopolar radiofrequency, multipolar radiofrequency improves tumor ablation with a subsequent lower rate of local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Boursier
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Angers, France.,HIFIH, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Lebigot
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Oberti
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Angers, France.,HIFIH, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Isabelle Fouchard-Hubert
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Angers, France.,HIFIH, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Aubé
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Angers, France.,HIFIH, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
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22
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Mohamed M, Katz AW, Tejani MA, Sharma AK, Kashyap R, Noel MS, Qiu H, Hezel AF, Ramaraju GA, Dokus MK, Orloff MS. Comparison of outcomes between SBRT, yttrium-90 radioembolization, transarterial chemoembolization, and radiofrequency ablation as bridge to transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Radiat Oncol 2016; 1:35-42. [PMID: 28799575 PMCID: PMC5506745 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare outcome of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), yttrium-90 radioembolization, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as bridge to liver transplant (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS We retrospectively reviewed patients treated at our institution with SBRT, TACE, RFA, or yttrium-90 as bridge to LT between 2006 and 2013. We analyzed radiologic and pathologic response and rate of failure after bridge therapy. Toxicities were reported using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, 4.0. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival after LT. RESULTS Sixty patients with a median age 57.5 years (range, 44-70) met inclusion criteria. Thirty-one patients (50.7%) had hepatitis C cirrhosis, 14 (23%) alcoholic cirrhosis, and 8 (13%) nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis. Patients received a total of 79 bridge therapies: SBRT (n = 24), TACE (n = 37), RFA (n = 9), and Y90 (n = 9). Complete response (CR) was 25% for TACE, 8.6% for SBRT, 22% for RFA, and 33% for Y90. Grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity occurred following TACE (n = 4) and RFA (n = 2). Transplant occurred at a median of 7.4 months after bridge therapy. Pathological response among 57 patients was 100% necrosis (n = 23, 40%), >50% necrosis (n = 20, 35%), <50% necrosis (n = 9, 16%), and no necrosis (n = 5, 9%). Pathologic complete response was as follows: SBRT (28.5%), TACE (41%), RFA (60%), Y90 (75%), and multiple modalities (33%). At a median follow-up of 35 months, 7 patients had recurrence after LT. DFS was 85.8% and overall survival was 79% at 5 years. CONCLUSION All bridge therapies demonstrated good pathological response and DFS after LT. SBRT and Y90 demonstrated significantly less grade ≥3 acute toxicity. Choice of optimal modality depends on tumor size, pretreatment bilirubin level, Child-Pugh status, and patient preference. Such a decision is best made at a multidisciplinary tumor board as is done at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mohamed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Alan W. Katz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Mohamedtaki A. Tejani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Ashwani K. Sharma
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Randeep Kashyap
- Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Marcus S. Noel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Haoming Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Aram F. Hezel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Gopal A. Ramaraju
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - M. Katherine Dokus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Mark S. Orloff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an alternative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases when resection cannot be performed or, in the case of hepatocellular carcinoma, when transplant cannot be performed in a timely enough manner to avoid the risk of dropping off the transplant list. RFA has the advantage of being a relatively low-risk minimally invasive procedure used in the treatment of focal liver tumors. This review article discusses the current evidence supporting RFA of liver tumors, as well as the indications, complications, and follow-up algorithms used after RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunagh McDermott
- Division of Abdominal Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology
| | - Debra A Gervais
- Division of Abdominal Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology ; Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chung H, Chapman WC. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: how far have we come and what is the future? Hepat Oncol 2014; 1:309-321. [DOI: 10.2217/hep.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY: Liver transplantation is the best treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of chronic liver disease, completely removing malignancy and underlying diseased liver tissue. Technical aspects of liver transplantation have improved over the years, along with outcomes. But challenges continue in the areas of expanding existing indications for transplant with limited organ supply, calling for optimization of patient selection and the development of alternative or adjunctive treatment options. Expansion of existing transplant criteria will help identify patients most likely to have good outcomes. Locoregional and systemic treatments showing therapeutic promise are being investigated for use in achieving acceptable oncologic effect. Improvements in post-transplant treatment and continued attempts to enlarge the donor pool will continue to provide avenues for further improvements in outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniee Chung
- Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William C Chapman
- Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Feng K, Ma KS. Value of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5987-98. [PMID: 24876721 PMCID: PMC4033438 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease that substantially affects public health worldwide. It is especially prevalent in east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where the main etiology is the endemic status of chronic hepatitis B. Effective treatments with curative intent for early HCC include liver transplantation, liver resection (LR), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). RFA has become the most widely used local thermal ablation method in recent years because of its technical ease, safety, satisfactory local tumor control, and minimally invasive nature. This technique has also emerged as an important treatment strategy for HCC in recent years. RFA, liver transplantation, and hepatectomy can be complementary to one another in the treatment of HCC, and the outcome benefits have been demonstrated by numerous clinical studies. As a pretransplantation bridge therapy, RFA extends the average waiting time without increasing the risk of dropout or death. In contrast to LR, RFA causes almost no intra-abdominal adhesion, thus producing favorable conditions for subsequent liver transplantation. Many studies have demonstrated mutual interactions between RFA and hepatectomy, effectively expanding the operative indications for patients with HCC and enhancing the efficacy of these approaches. However, treated tumor tissue remains within the body after RFA, and residual tumors or satellite nodules can limit the effectiveness of this treatment. Therefore, future research should focus on this issue.
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Abstract
Surgical options for hepatocellular carcinoma must be considered first; if not, image-guided tumor ablation is recommended. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification system is commonly used for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This classification system is important for image-guided tumor ablation. According to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system, percutaneous tumor ablation is recommended for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma nodules smaller than 2 cm, not subcapsular or perivascular, are ideal nodules for image-guided radiofrequency ablation. In patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma, the rate of complete response is approximately 97%, with a 68% of 5-year survival rate. Early stage hepatocellular carcinoma includes patients with preserved liver function (Child-Pugh score A or B), with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma, or up to 3 nodules less than 3 cm. it is important to the success of radiofrequency ablation to ablate all viable tumor cells and to create tumor-free margin. The best results are achieved if the tumor is less than 3 cm. If the tumor is between 3 and 5 cm, the success rate of radiofrequency ablation is decreased. Therefore, combination treatment has emerged for better results if the hepatocellular carcinoma nodule is larger than 3 cm and smaller than 5 cm. Radiofrequency ablation offers better survival than ethanol injection if the nodule larger than 2 cm. Microwave ablation can cause higher intratumoral temperatures, larger tumor ablation volumes, and faster ablation times. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two. A nonchemical and nonthermal image-guided ablation technique is irreversible electroporation. Irreversible electroporation causes irreversible disruption of the cell membrane integrity by changing the transmembrane potential. One advantage of this technique is complete ablation of the margin of the vessels. It can be applied to the nodules that is centrally located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Boyvat
- Department of Radiology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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27
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Seror O, N'Kontchou G, Van Nhieu JT, Rabahi Y, Nahon P, Laurent A, Trinchet JC, Cherqui D, Vicaut E, Beaugrand M, Sellier N. Histopathologic comparison of monopolar versus no-touch multipolar radiofrequency ablation to treat hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:599-607. [PMID: 24529547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare histopathologically the completeness of radiofrequency (RF) ablation to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with monopolar or multipolar technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five consecutive patients (mean age, 59 y) with cirrhosis and HCC (n = 59) within Milan criteria received RF ablation and subsequently underwent liver transplantation (LT) for tumor progression or liver failure. Data were extracted retrospectively from a prospective database. Thirty nodules were treated with a monopolar device with internally cooled (n = 17) or perfused (n = 13) electrodes, and 29 were treated with a multipolar technique with internally cooled electrodes based on the "no-touch" concept. This consisted of inserting two or three straight electrodes around the nodule to avoid intratumor puncture to the greatest extent possible. Effectiveness of the three devices was compared by histopathologic examination of explants. Fisher exact and χ(2) tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Mean sizes of nodules ablated (25, 22, and 21.6 mm) and median times from ablation to LT (11, 7.5, and 8.4 months) for patients treated with the monopolar internally cooled electrode device (MoICD), monopolar perfused electrode device (MoPED), and multipolar internally cooled electrode device (MuICD), respectively, were similar (P = .8 and P = .9, respectively). Pathologic examination showed complete necrosis for eight of 17 and six of 13 nodules treated with the MoICD and MoPED, respectively, versus 26 of 29 treated with the MuICD (P = .0019). In multivariate analysis, RF technique remained the predictive factor for complete necrosis (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Ablation of small HCCs with multipolar RF ablation based on the no-touch concept improves the rate of complete necrosis during pathologic examination compared with monopolar techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Seror
- Radiology Service (O.S., Y.R., N.S.); Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny.
| | - Gisèle N'Kontchou
- Hepatogastroenterology Service (G.N., P.N., J.C.T., M.B.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Jean Verdier, Bondy
| | | | - Yacine Rabahi
- Radiology Service (O.S., Y.R., N.S.); Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny
| | - Pierre Nahon
- Hepatogastroenterology Service (G.N., P.N., J.C.T., M.B.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Jean Verdier, Bondy; Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Visceral Surgery Service (A.L., D.C.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Henri Mondor, Créteil
| | - Jean Claude Trinchet
- Hepatogastroenterology Service (G.N., P.N., J.C.T., M.B.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Jean Verdier, Bondy; Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny
| | - Daniel Cherqui
- Visceral Surgery Service (A.L., D.C.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Henri Mondor, Créteil
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Department of Clinical Research (E.V.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Michel Beaugrand
- Hepatogastroenterology Service (G.N., P.N., J.C.T., M.B.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saint-Denis, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Jean Verdier, Bondy; Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny
| | - Nicolas Sellier
- Radiology Service (O.S., Y.R., N.S.); Formation and Research Unit of Health, Medicine and Human Biology (O.S., Y.R., P.N., J.C.T., M.B., N.S.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Bobigny
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Pompili M, Francica G, Ponziani FR, Iezzi R, Avolio AW. Bridging and downstaging treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7515-7530. [PMID: 24282343 PMCID: PMC3837250 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic procedures have been proposed as bridging treatments for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting liver transplantation (LT). The most used treatments include transarterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation. Surgical resection has also been successfully used as a bridging procedure, and LT should be considered a rescue treatment in patients with previous HCC resection who experience tumor recurrence or post-treatment severe decompensation of liver function. The aims of bridging treatments include decreasing the waiting list dropout rate before transplantation, reducing HCC recurrence after transplantation, and improving post-transplant overall survival. To date, no data from prospective randomized studies are available; however, for HCC patients listed for LT within the Milan criteria, prolonging the waiting time over 6-12 mo is a risk factor for tumor spread. Bridging treatments are useful in containing tumor progression and decreasing dropout. Furthermore, the response to pre-LT treatments may represent a surrogate marker of tumor biological aggressiveness and could therefore be evaluated to prioritize HCC candidates for LT. Lastly, although a definitive conclusion can not be reached, the experiences reported to date suggest a positive impact of these treatments on both tumor recurrence and post-transplant patient survival. Advanced HCC may be downstaged to achieve and maintain the current conventional criteria for inclusion in the waiting list for LT. Recent studies have demonstrated that successfully downstaged patients can achieve a 5-year survival rate comparable to that of patients meeting the conventional criteria without requiring downstaging.
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Cheung TT, Fan ST, Chan SC, Chok KSH, Chu FSK, Jenkins CR, Lo RCL, Fung JYY, Chan ACY, Sharr WW, Tsang SHY, Dai WC, Poon RTP, Lo CM. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation: an effective bridging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:3083-3089. [PMID: 23716988 PMCID: PMC3662948 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i20.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze whether high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is an effective bridging therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS From January 2007 to December 2010, 49 consecutive HCC patients were listed for liver transplantation (UCSF criteria). The median waiting time for transplantation was 9.5 mo. Twenty-nine patients received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a bringing therapy and 16 patients received no treatment before transplantation. Five patients received HIFU ablation as a bridging therapy. Another five patients with the same tumor staging (within the UCSF criteria) who received HIFU ablation but not on the transplant list were included for comparison. Patients were comparable in terms of Child-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease scores, tumor size and number, and cause of cirrhosis. RESULTS The HIFU group and TACE group showed no difference in terms of tumor size and tumor number. One patient in the HIFU group and no patient in the TACE group had gross ascites. The median hospital stay was 1 d (range, 1-21 d) in the TACE group and two days (range, 1-9 d) in the HIFU group (P < 0.000). No HIFU-related complication occurred. In the HIFU group, nine patients (90%) had complete response and one patient (10%) had partial response to the treatment. In the TACE group, only one patient (3%) had response to the treatment while 14 patients (48%) had stable disease and 14 patients (48%) had progressive disease (P = 0.00). Seven patients in the TACE group and no patient in the HIFU group dropped out from the transplant waiting list (P = 0.559). CONCLUSION HIFU ablation is safe and effective in the treatment of HCC for patients with advanced cirrhosis. It may reduce the drop-out rate of liver transplant candidate.
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Hanson JA, Ason R, Weinreb J, Van Dyke A, Mitchell KA. Radiology estimates of viable tumor percentage in hepatocellular carcinoma ablation cavities correlate poorly with pathology assessment. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:392-9. [PMID: 23451750 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0126-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT No study has evaluated radiology/pathology correlation of percentage viable tumor (PVT) estimates in ablated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to examine the reliability of radiologic estimates. OBJECTIVE To determine how well interdisciplinary PVT estimates correlate and identify pathologic factors that influence this correlation. DESIGN Pathologists and radiologists established blinded PVT estimates in 22 HCC ablation cavities. Paired sample t tests examined the differences between the interdisciplinary estimates. RESULTS Fifteen cavities had pathologic viable tumor (VT) (68%) and 6 had radiographic VT (22%). Radiology's sensitivity for detecting VT was 40% and the specificity was 100%. Pathology detected significantly more VT than radiology (pathology mean = 22.3% versus radiology mean = 2.6%; P = .005). Five cavities had tumor growth in a discontinuous rim pattern, 7 in a nodular pattern, and 3 in a solid pattern. Radiology did not detect VT in cavities with a discontinuous rim pattern (sensitivity = 0%) but did detect VT in 3 cavities with a nodular pattern (sensitivity = 43%), and in all cavities with a solid pattern (sensitivity = 100%). There was no significant difference in PVT estimates in cavities 3.5 cm or larger (P = .07), but there was a significant difference in cavities smaller than 3.5 cm (P = .01). CONCLUSION This study clarifies that the risk of underestimation by imaging is greatest in small lesions (<3.5 cm), though the sensitivity of detection depends primarily on the tumor growth pattern within the cavity. This underestimation raises the question of whether basing treatment decisions on a radiologic impression of complete ablation is valid.
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Peungjesada S, Chuang HH, Prasad SR, Choi H, Loyer EM, Bronstein Y. Evaluation of cancer treatment in the abdomen: Trends and advances. World J Radiol 2013; 5:126-42. [PMID: 23671749 PMCID: PMC3650203 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v5.i3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Response evaluation in Oncology has relied primarily on change in tumor size. Inconsistent results in the prediction of clinical outcome when size based criteria are used and the increasing role of targeted and loco-regional therapies have led to the development of new methods of response evaluation that are unrelated to change in tumor size. The goals of this review are to expose briefly the size based criteria and to present the non-size based approaches that are currently applicable in the clinical setting. Other paths that are still being explored are not discussed in details.
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The role of bridging therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Hepatol 2013; 2013:419302. [PMID: 24455285 PMCID: PMC3880689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/419302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver accounting for 7% of all cancers worldwide. Most cases of HCC develop within an established background of chronic liver disease. For that reason, liver resection is only possible in selected patients. Liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice in patients with HCC, end-stage liver disease, and significant portal hypertension. Shortage of organ donors has resulted in overall increase of waiting list time with increased risk of dropout due to tumor progression. Neoadjuvant therapies have emerged as an alternative to control tumor growth in patients while waiting. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the role of bridging therapy and downstaging prior to liver transplantation in patients with HCC. We are also presenting our single-center experience of 96 patients undergoing transplantation for HCC with and without bridging therapy.
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Yokoyama K, Anan A, Iwata K, Nishizawa S, Morihara D, Ueda SI, Sakurai K, Iwashita H, Hirano G, Sakamoto M, Takeyama Y, Irie M, Shakado S, Sohda T, Sakisaka S. Limitation of repeated radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma: proposal of a three (times) × 3 (years) index. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1044-50. [PMID: 22433056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the controllability of HCC and explored the algorithm of therapeutic strategy for HCC in patients who met the RFA criteria. METHODS We enrolled 472 patients with HCC who met the RFA criteria (≤ 3 nodules, ≤ 3 cm) and underwent RFA for initial therapy. Patients who underwent repeated RFA were evaluated retrospectively when HCC exceeded the RFA criteria, or the functional hepatic reserve progressed to Child-Pugh grade C. RESULTS Overall survival rates were: 1 year, 96%; 3 years, 79%; and 5 years, 56%. In 5 years, 14% of patients progressed to Child-Pugh grade C. Meanwhile, 47% of patients exceeded the RFA criteria. Annually, 8% of patients deviated from the RFA criteria. The percentage of patients who were able to receive RFA significantly decreased at the fourth session compared with up to the third session. The survival rates decreased at the rate of 7% annually until the third year after the initial RFA. Afterwards, it shifted to a decrease at the rate of 12% annually. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of hepatitis C virus infection and the existence of a single tumor were identified as significant independent factors contributing to probabilities exceeding the RFA criteria. CONCLUSIONS HCC was controlled by RFA up to three RFA treatments and 3 years from the initial therapy. On this basis, we propose a "three (times) × 3 (years) index" for considering a shift from RFA to other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Small hepatocellular carcinomas: ultrasonography guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 38:98-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00261-012-9883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ansari D, Andersson R. Radiofrequency ablation or percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of liver tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1003-1008. [PMID: 22416173 PMCID: PMC3296972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a common location of both primary and secondary malignancies. For unresectable liver cancer, many local ablative therapies have been developed. These include e.g., percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), percutaneous acetic acid injection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, microwave ablation, laser-induced thermotherapy, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. RFA has recently gained interest and is the most widely applied thermoablative technique. RFA allows more effective tumor control in fewer treatment sessions compared with PEI, but with a higher rate of complications. However, there are certain circumstances where PEI therapy represents a better strategy to control liver tumors than RFA, especially in situations where RFA is difficult, for example when large vessels surround the tumor. In the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), both RFA and PEI are feasible and of benefit in non-operable patients. RFA seems superior to PEI in HCC > 2 cm, and the combination of interventions may be of benefit in selected patients. Liver resection is superior to RFA for patients with HCC meeting the Milan criteria, but RFA can be employed in tumors ≤ 3 cm and where there is an increased expected operative mortality. In addition, some lines of evidence indicate that RFA and PEI can be employed as a bridge to liver transplantation. The use of RFA in colorectal liver metastases is currently limited to unresectable disease and for patients unfit for surgery. The aim of this article is to summarize the current status of RFA in the management of liver tumors and compare it to the cheap and readily available technique of PEI.
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Tsuchiya K, Komuta M, Yasui Y, Tamaki N, Hosokawa T, Ueda K, Kuzuya T, Itakura J, Nakanishi H, Takahashi Y, Kurosaki M, Asahina Y, Enomoto N, Sakamoto M, Izumi N. Expression of Keratin 19 Is Related to High Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Radiofrequency Ablation. Oncology 2011; 80:278-88. [DOI: 10.1159/000328448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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DuBay DA, Sandroussi C, Kachura JR, Ho CS, Beecroft JR, Vollmer CM, Ghanekar A, Guba M, Cattral MS, McGilvray ID, Grant DR, Greig PD. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. HPB (Oxford) 2011; 13:24-32. [PMID: 21159100 PMCID: PMC3019538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widely utilized as a bridge to liver transplant with limited evidence to support efficacy. The purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of RFA on time to drop-off in HCC-listed patients. METHODS Patients with Milan criteria tumours listed between January 1999 and June 2007 were stratified into RFA (n= 77) and No Treatment groups (n= 93). RESULTS The primary effectiveness of RFA was 83% (complete radiographic response). RFA was associated with a longer median wait time to transplant (9.5 vs. 5 months). Tumour-specific drop-off events were equivalent between RFA (21%) and No Treatment (12%) groups (P= 0.11). Controlling for wait time, there was no difference in overall (P= 0.56) or tumour-specific drop-off (P= 0.94). Furthermore, there were no differences in 5-year overall or tumour-free survivals from list date or transplant. Using multivariate analysis, the likelihood of receiving a transplant and patient survivals were associated with tumour characteristics (AFP, tumour number and size) and not with bridge therapy or waiting time. DISCUSSION RFA allows patients to be maintained longer on the waiting list without negative consequences on drop-off or survival compared with no treatment. Post-transplant outcomes are affected more by tumour characteristics than RFA or wait time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A DuBay
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charbel Sandroussi
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Kachura
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chia Sing Ho
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Robert Beecroft
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles M Vollmer
- Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Guba
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Cattral
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian D McGilvray
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Grant
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul D Greig
- Liver Transplant Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Programme, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bhoori S, Sposito C, Germini A, Coppa J, Mazzaferro V. The challenges of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis. Transpl Int 2010; 23:712-22. [PMID: 20492616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide and liver transplantation (LT) has potentials to improve survival for patients with HCC. However, expansion of indications beyond Milan Criteria (MC) and use of bridging/downstaging procedures to convert intermediate-advanced stages of HCC within MC limits are counterbalanced by graft shortage and increasing use of marginal donors, partially limited by the use of donor-division protocols applied to the cadaveric and living-donor settings. Several challenges in technique, indications, pre-LT treatments and prioritization policies of patients on the waiting list have to be precised through prospective investigations that have to include individualization of prognosis, biological variables and pathology surrogates as stratification criteria. Also, liver resection has to be rejuvenated in the general algorithm of HCC treatment in the light of salvage transplantation strategies, while benefit of LT for HCC should be determined through newly designed composite scores that are able to capture both efficiency and equity endpoints. Innovative treatments such as radioembolization for HCC associated with portal vein thrombosis and molecular targeted compounds are likely to influence future strategies. Accepting this challenge has been part of the history of LT and will endure so also for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrie Bhoori
- Liver Unit and Hepato-Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Kawamoto C, Yamauchi A, Baba Y, Kaneko K, Yakabi K. Measurement of intrahepatic pressure during radiofrequency ablation in porcine liver. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:435-42. [PMID: 19936601 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the most effective procedures to avoid increased intrahepatic pressure during radiofrequency ablation, we evaluated different ablation methods. METHODS Laparotomy was performed in 19 pigs. Intrahepatic pressure was monitored using an invasive blood pressure monitor. Radiofrequency ablation was performed as follows: single-step standard ablation; single-step at 30 W; single-step at 70 W; 4-step at 30 W; 8-step at 30 W; 8-step at 70 W; and cooled-tip. The array was fully deployed in single-step methods. In the multi-step methods, the array was gradually deployed in four or eight steps. With the cooled-tip, ablation was performed by increasing output by 10 W/min, starting at 40 W. RESULTS Intrahepatic pressure was as follows: single-step standard ablation, 154.5 +/- 30.9 mmHg; single-step at 30 W, 34.2 +/- 20.0 mmHg; single-step at 70 W, 46.7 +/- 24.3 mmHg; 4-step at 30 W, 42.3 +/- 17.9 mmHg; 8-step at 30 W, 24.1 +/- 18.2 mmHg; 8-step at 70 W, 47.5 +/- 31.5 mmHg; and cooled-tip, 114.5 +/- 16.6 mmHg. The radiofrequency ablation-induced area was spherical with single-step standard ablation, 4-step at 30 W, and 8-step at 30 W. Conversely, the ablated area was irregular with single-step at 30 W, single-step at 70 W, and 8-step at 70 W. The ablation time was significantly shorter for the multi-step method than for the single-step method. CONCLUSIONS Increased intrahepatic pressure could be controlled using multi-step methods. From the shapes of the ablation area, 30-W 8-step expansions appear to be most suitable for radiofrequency ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Tsujido-machi, Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
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Optimal Curative Treatment For Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Hepatectomy Or Radiofrequency Ablation. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10035-010-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Díaz-Sánchez A, Matilla A, Núñez O, Merino B, Peligros I, Rincón D, Salcedo M, Lo Iacono O, Vega Catalina M, Clemente G, Bañares R. [Influence of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation on post transplant tumor recurrence and survival]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2009; 33:155-64. [PMID: 19945770 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before liver transplantation (LT) and its influence on survival and tumor recurrence in patients transplanted for HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 67 liver transplant patients with a preoperative diagnosis of HCC and pathological confirmation in the native liver between January 2000 and October 2007. Treatment before LT was performed in 46 (68.7%) patients [radiofrequency ablation in 18, transarterial chemoembolization in 31 and percutaneous ethanol injection in two]. RESULTS The median time between inclusion on the waiting list and LT was 4 months and was similar in treated and untreated patients. The median time between pre-transplantation locoregional therapy and LT was less than 6 months in 65.2% of the patients. Treated patients had better liver function (Child A 52.2 vs 19%; Child B 39.1 vs 33.3%; Child C 8.7 vs. 47.6%; p=0.001) and a higher proportion of total tumor size > 3 cm (59.1% vs 30%; p=0.031). Total tumor necrosis was observed in 26.1% of the patients, with no differences according to treatment modality or tumor size. Tumor recurrence occurred in six patients (9%). The median time between LT and tumor recurrence was 26.5 months with a subsequent median survival of 6.6 months. Overall survival was 83.5%, 69.9% and 59.5%, and tumor recurrence-free survival was 83.5%, 68.3% and 58% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Previous HCC treatment showed no influence on survival or tumor recurrence. Likewise, the grade of tumor necrosis was unrelated to overall survival or the probability of recurrence. CONCLUSION Treatment of HCC before LT in patients with a waiting list time of less than 6 months does not appear to influence survival or tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Díaz-Sánchez
- Sección de Hepatología, CIBEREHD, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
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Advancement in HCC imaging: diagnosis, staging and treatment efficacy assessments: hepatocellular carcinoma: imaging in assessing treatment efficacy. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2009; 17:374-9. [PMID: 19924373 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-009-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging studies play a crucial role in the diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yet, assessment of tumor response is another important goal for imaging. The imaging techniques most commonly used for assessing tumor response include computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging modalities and imaging criteria vary according to the treatment (surgical resection and transplantation or nonsurgical treatments such as transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and molecular targeted therapy). Efficacy of nonsurgical treatments for malignancy is usually evaluated with RECIST criteria. These criteria, based on tumor shrinkage, are often inappropriate in HCCs. The response criteria should take into account tumor necrosis induced by treatment. Today, tumor necrosis is estimated by a disappearance of hypervascularization on contrast-enhanced imaging. New tools such as functional imaging (perfusion imaging, diffusion-weighted MR imaging) could be of major importance. In this article, we present a summary of the most recent information on the role of imaging in assessing treatment efficacy in HCCs.
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Fernandes ML, Lin CC, Lin CJ, Chen WT, Lin SM. Risk of tumour progression in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. Br J Surg 2009; 96:756-62. [PMID: 19526609 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed objectively to quantify the risk of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria following radiofrequency (RF) ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify factors associated with tumour progression. METHODS Some 111 patients (136 tumours) with liver cirrhosis undergoing RF ablation for HCC within Milan criteria between February 2004 and June 2007 were enrolled in the study. Data were analysed retrospectively from a prospectively collected database. RESULTS The cumulative probability of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of RF ablation was 6.4, 11.0, 16.1, 21.2 and 44.8 per cent respectively. On multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with tumour progression were failure to achieve primary technique effectiveness (P = 0.005), alpha-fetoprotein level above 200 ng/ml (P = 0.013) and Child-Pugh grade B cirrhosis (P = 0.034). Failure to achieve primary RF ablation technique effectiveness was associated with tumour location in segment VIII (P = 0.033), a cool-down temperature of 70 degrees C or less (P = 0.043) and multiple overlapping ablations (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION This study provides clinicians with an objective risk of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria after RF ablation at multiple time points. Primary technique failure is identified as a risk factor for tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Fernandes
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The current role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2009; 249:20-5. [PMID: 19106671 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31818eec29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current status of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The development of local ablative therapy has been 1 of the major advances in the treatment of HCC. Its role in the management of HCC is still rapidly evolving. METHODS Studies were identified by searching Medline, and PubMed databases for articles from January 1997 to April 2008 using the keywords "radiofrequency ablation," "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "ablation of HCC." Additional papers were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized comparative studies, cohort studies, were reviewed. Cohort studies with follow-up of less than 12 months and case reports were excluded. RESULTS Five aspects of RFA were analyzed: (1) RFA in comparison with other local ablative therapies; (2) RFA for unresectable HCC; (3) RFA as bridging therapy before liver transplantation; (4) RFA as primary treatment for resectable HCC; and (5) RFA for recurrent HCC after partial hepatectomy. Ten RCTs, 8 nonrandomized controlled trials and 26 cohort studies were included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS The evidence in the medical literature showed RFA was more effective than other local ablative therapies, and supported its use in the treatment of unresectable small HCC, recurrent small HCC, and as bridging therapy before liver transplantation, and as a primary treatment in competition with partial hepatectomy for resectable small HCC.
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Rodríguez-Sanjuán JC, González F, Juanco C, Herrera LA, López-Bautista M, González-Noriega M, García-Somacarrera E, Figols J, Gómez-Fleitas M, Silván M. Radiological and pathological assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma response to radiofrequency. A study on removed liver after transplantation. World J Surg 2008; 32:1489-94. [PMID: 18373117 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The real efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in destroying hepatocellular carcinoma is not completely known, nor is the ability of computed tomography (CT) to precisely assess response. Our aims were to analyze pathological response, tumor size influence, and CT response evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of 30 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules treated by RFA before liver transplant (LT) in 28 patients. Pathological study of the whole removed liver was then performed and the tumor response was classified as complete, incomplete, or absent. The biggest nodule diameter was estimated by CT or ultrasound. The procedure was carried out percutaneously in all but 3 patients, and in those 3 it was done surgically. RESULTS The pathological response was complete in 14 nodules (46.7%) and incomplete in 16 (53.3%). The differences in mean preoperative diameter between cases with complete and incomplete response were not significant (p = 0.3). We found that small tumors were not always completely destroyed, whereas bigger tumors could be successfully deleted. There was no clear association between any location and better or poorer response. The detection of RFA incomplete response by means of CT scan had 50% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS In our experience, RFA can achieve some degree of tumor destruction in every treated case of hepatocellular carcinoma, the complete response rate being slightly lower than half. We have not found any association of response with tumor size or interval RFA-transplant. Second, CT had not enough sensitivity to assess RFA response of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Rodríguez-Sanjuán
- Department of General Surgery, Servicio de Cirugía General II, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Avenida de Valdecilla S/N, 39008 Santander, Spain.
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[Problems, question marks and controversies in liver transplantation due to hepatocarcinoma]. Cir Esp 2008; 84:115-6. [PMID: 18783668 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-739x(08)72151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Liver transplantation for hepatic malignancies has emerged as a well-documented and proven treatment modality. However, early unsatisfactory results emphasized that only a highly selected patient population would benefit from transplantation. Currently, 15% of all liver transplants performed are for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is no controversy about the fact that liver transplantation for HCC in the adult population yields good results for patients whose tumour masses do not exceed the Milan criteria. It remains to be determined whether patients with more extensive tumours can be reliably selected to benefit from the procedure. In patients with small HCC at an early stage and preserved liver function, liver resection provides an alternative to transplant. Liver resection may offer similar survival results to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the short term, and does not carry the long-term effects of immunosuppression; however, long-term and disease-free survival favours liver transplantation. Very promising results have been obtained for cholangiocarcinoma treated by aggressive combination therapies, including chemo- and radiotherapy followed by OLT. Survival rate in these selected patients can approach that of patients with cholestatic liver disease, and the role of transplantation now requires re-evaluation. Similarly, hepatoblastoma is an excellent indication in paediatric patients with unresectable or recurrent tumours. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is also an appropriate indication for liver transplantation, even in the presence of extrahepatic metastases, unlike angiosarcoma which is associated with a very poor survival and considered as a contraindication. And finally for metastatic liver disease from neuroendocrine tumours, liver transplantation can result in long-term survival and even cure in well selected patients. Conversely, the value of transplantation for colorectal liver metastases (currently a contraindication) requires further evaluation by well-designed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Hoti
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, France
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Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, Marrero JA. MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology 2008; 247:311-30. [PMID: 18430871 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2472061331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to increase in the next 2 decades, largely due to hepatitis C infection and secondary cirrhosis. HCC is being detected at an earlier stage owing to the implementation of screening programs. Biopsy is no longer required prior to treatment, and diagnosis of HCC is heavily dependent on imaging characteristics. The most recent recommendations by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) state that a diagnosis of HCC can be made if a mass larger than 2 cm shows typical features of HCC (hypervascularity in the arterial phase and washout in the venous phase) at contrast material-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or if a mass measuring 1-2 cm shows these features at both modalities. There is an ever-increasing demand on radiologists to detect smaller tumors, when curative therapies are most effective. However, the major difficulty in imaging cirrhosis is the characterization of hypervascular nodules smaller than 2 cm, which often have nonspecific imaging characteristics. The authors present a review of the MR imaging and pathologic features of regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules and focus on HCC in the cirrhotic liver, with particular reference to small tumors and lesions that may mimic HCC. The authors also review the sensitivity of MR imaging for the detection of these tumors and discuss the staging of HCC and the treatment options in the context of the guidelines of the AASLD and the imaging criteria required by the United Network for Organ Sharing for transplantation. MR findings following ablation and chemoembolization are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M Willatt
- Department of Radiology/MRI, University of Michigan Health System, UH-B2A209K, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Expansion of the donor pool for liver transplantation is a priority. Management of hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma has focused on decreasing recurrence rates after transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Expansion of the pool of donors has focused on live donor liver transplantation and extended criteria donor grafts. The results of live donor liver transplantation are equivalent to those of deceased donor liver transplantation. The use of extended criteria donor grafts has increased significantly. The results are associated with decreased graft survival with the use of grafts that have multiple factors considered as extended criteria for transplantation, particularly in high-risk individuals such as critically ill recipients. Judicious matching of extended criteria donors with recipients is essential to reduce waiting list mortality without reducing posttransplantation survival. The role of pretransplant ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is evolving to reduce tumor progression and dropout on the list as well as to influence posttransplant recurrence rates. Antiviral and immunosuppressive strategies in reducing the severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence are discussed as is retransplantation for the disease. SUMMARY Expansion of the donor pool with the use of extended criteria donors and live donor liver transplantation is a major challenge. Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus relapse are major areas of research.
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Sakata J, Shirai Y, Wakai T, Kaneko K, Hatakeyama K. Long-term outcomes after hepatectomy for recurrences after prior local ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:433-8. [PMID: 17475439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intrahepatic recurrence is the most common manifestation of failure after local ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study evaluates the safety and efficacy of partial hepatectomy for intrahepatic recurrence after prior local ablation. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of 188 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent either partial hepatectomy for recurrence after prior local ablation (n=13) or partial hepatectomy as initial local treatment (n=175). The 13 patients with recurrence after prior local ablation were referred to our division after the resectable recurrences were considered to be resistant to non-surgical treatment modalities. RESULTS The incidences of postoperative morbidity and mortality were similar for patients with prior local ablation and patients without prior local ablation (p=0.75 and p=0.52, respectively). The overall survival rates after hepatectomy were comparable between patients with prior local ablation (median survival time of 86months; cumulative 5-year survival rate of 63%) and patients without prior local ablation (median survival time of 76months; cumulative 5-year survival rate of 54%; p=0.60). The disease-free survival rates after hepatectomy were significantly worse for patients with prior local ablation based on both univariate (p=0.01) and multivariate (relative risk, 2.73; p<0.01) analyses. CONCLUSIONS Hepatectomy can be performed safely and may be efficacious, in terms of overall survival, for selected patients with intrahepatic recurrence after prior local ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, prior local ablation appears to increase the probability of failure after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sakata
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
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